Multi-Sensory Stimulation in 24-hour Dementia Care - Nivel

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The second control group continued to participate in regular social and recreational programs. The Validation Therapy group sessions and Social Contact group sessions were facilitated by trained group leaders who had bachelor's degrees and previous experience with nursing home residents. Toseland et al. found that the first control group (Social Contact group) had higher depression scores at post-test than at baseline, while the scores of the Validation Therapy and the Usual Care groups had not changed. According to blinded nursing staff assessment after three months and one year, the Validation Therapy group participants were physically less aggressive than the two control groups. After one year, verbally aggressive behaviour was reduced significantly in both the Validation Therapy group and the Social Contact group. However, the reduced physically and verbally aggressive behaviours were only reported by the nursing staff and were not confirmed by the blinded nonparticipant observers. The third validation study included, reported by Schrijnemaekers (2002), investigated the effects of integrated emotion-oriented care on aggression and apathy of residents in homes for the aged in the Netherlands. The experimental group received 24-h Integrated Emotion-Oriented Care during a period of 8 months by professional caregivers of the nursing homes, while the control group received regular nursing care. Schrijnemaekers found no significant differences in the pre-/post change scores of the experimental and control groups. Validation/Reality orientation The fourth study on validation is also the first included study on the effects of reality orientation, and was performed by Scanland et al. (1993) among nursing home residents in the United States. The aim of reality orientation is to redress cognitive deficits (APA, 1997). In classroom reality orientation, a prepared instructor reviews facets of reality with a small group of confused people. The first experimental group received Validation Therapy group sessions for 30 minutes, 5 times a week, for 4 months. The second experimental group received Reality Orientation group sessions with the same intensity as the Validation Therapy. A third group formed the control group and received no formal therapy. Both the Reality Orientation group sessions and the Validation Therapy group sessions were conducted by the same registered nurse, who had a background in group psychotherapy. Scanland et al. measured the effects on depression but found no significant pre-/ post change scores in the experimental groups or the control group. Reality orientation The second included reality orientation study, reported by Spector et al. (2001), investigated the effects of reality orientation on depression among nursing home Literature review 49
esidents in the United Kingdom. The experimental group received 15 sessions of Structured Reality Orientation Group Therapy, each session lasted 45 minutes. The groups were facilitated by a member of the research team with a staff member from the home/center as co-facilitator. The control group received usual care. Spector et al. found significant differences in the pre-/post change scores of the experimental and the control group, in favor of the experimental group. The third study on the effects of reality orientation was performed by Hanley et al. (1981) to establish the effects on apathy among residents of a long-stay psychogeriatric unit of a hospital, and residents of an old peoples home in the United Kingdom. The experimental groups received half an hour Classroom Reality Orientation, four times a week for 12 weeks by a therapist. The control groups received usual care. Hanley et al. found no significant differences in the apathy change scores of the experimental and the control group. The fourth study on the effects of reality orientation was conducted by Baldelli et al. (1993) among institutionalized people with Alzheimer's Disease in Italy. The experimental group received formal Classroom Reality Orientation Therapy for 1 hour, 3 times a week, during a period of 3 months. The control group received usual care. Baldelli et al. measured the effects on depression but found no significant changes in the scores of the experimental and control group. The fifth included study on the effects of reality orientation, reported by Ferrario et al. (1991), investigated the effects on depression and apathy among institutionalized psychogeriatric patients in Italy. The experimental group received formal Classroom Reality Orientation Therapy for 1 hour, 5 times a week, for 24 weeks by a therapist. The control group received usual care. The apathy scores in the experimental group were significantly lower than at pretest, while the scores in the control group had not changed. There were no significant changes in the depression scores. Multi-Sensory Stimulation/Snoezelen The aim of Multi-Sensory Stimulation/ snoezelen is to maintain or improve contact with demented people and to improve their well-being by positive stimulation of their senses (visual, auditory, tactile, olfactory and gustatory stimulation). The first included study on the effects of Multi-Sensory Stimulation was conducted by Baker et al. (2001) among people living at home with their primary caregiver and attending a hospital day center in the United Kingdom. People in the experimental group received 1:1 Multi-Sensory Stimulation sessions in a Multi-Sensory Stimulation room for 30 minutes, twice weekly, for 4 weeks. The control group attended 1:1 Activity Therapy sessions for 30 minutes, twice weekly, for 4 weeks. The sessions were conducted by two teams of 'keyworkers', which consisted of a member of staff from 50 Multi-Sensory Stimulation in 24-h dementia care
Page 1 and 2: Dit proefschrift is een uitgave van
Page 3 and 4: Multi-Sensory Stimulation in 24-hou
Page 5: niet naakt maar ontbloot het ontgli
Page 8 and 9: 8 Multi-Sensory Stimulation in 24-h
Page 10 and 11: Introduction The study described in
Page 12 and 13: equire special services such as the
Page 14 and 15: the biomedical nature of dementia a
Page 16 and 17: Holtkamp et al., 1997; Kragt et al.
Page 18 and 19: Figure 1.1 Research model ‘reside
Page 20 and 21: a decrease of negative instrumental
Page 22 and 23: measurements on the experimental an
Page 24 and 25: Figure 1.3 Design of the study Mont
Page 26 and 27: Chapter 2 to 7 are submitted for pu
Page 28 and 29: 2 A systematic review The effects o
Page 30 and 31: International Psychogeriatric Assoc
Page 32 and 33: Table 2.1 Included methods Behaviou
Page 34 and 35: Table 2.2 Criteria List for the Met
Page 36 and 37: The Best Evidence Synthesis is cond
Page 38 and 39: This section describes the features
Page 40 and 41: Treatment type and first author Val
Page 42 and 43: and first author (N; sex; age) seve
Page 44 and 45: -table 2.5 continued V- Treatment t
Page 46 and 47: Treatment type and first author Psy
Page 50 and 51: the day hospital, an occupational t
Page 52 and 53: One included study researched the e
Page 54 and 55: There is limited scientific evidenc
Page 56 and 57: Another point related to the focus
Page 58 and 59: Abstract Many intervention studies
Page 60 and 61: characteristics of the programme (i
Page 62 and 63: implementation process and the resu
Page 64 and 65: Study group On the last day of trai
Page 66 and 67: Questionnaire In order to identify
Page 68 and 69: Table 3.1 Caregivers’ opinion abo
Page 70 and 71: Nursing home (H) Facilitating facto
Page 72 and 73: In four homes, the study group had
Page 74 and 75: ‘An obstacle was formed by centra
Page 76 and 77: patient outcomes. There were two pr
Page 78 and 79: interventions in the organisational
Page 80 and 81: centred work environments’, as de
Page 82 and 83: 4 Effects of snoezelen, integrated
Page 84 and 85: Introduction Effective communicatio
Page 86 and 87: The following research questions wi
Page 88 and 89: Subjects Residents To establish the
Page 90 and 91: CNAs was employed in the ward at pr
Page 92 and 93: Table 4.1 Nonverbal categories of t
Page 94 and 95: -table 4.2 continued Instrumental c
Page 96 and 97: the mean frequency of ‘smiling’
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Follow-up Allocation Enrollment Ana
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The table shows that the experiment
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Table 4.5 Change in nonverbal commu
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Table 4.6 Change in verbal communic
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Table 4.7 Change in verbal communic
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Conclusion and discussion Results T
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Strengths and limitations The findi
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communication despite demented resi
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Abstract Background. Caregivers in
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Background The intervention (implem
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In particular, it was hypothesized
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In the pre-test, 124 video-recordin
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Enabling Giving the resident the op
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Pearson correlation of 25 (10%) vid
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change scores indicate a change in
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- table 5.2 continued - Outcome mea
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they were considered particularly i
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dementia, which can be used by staf
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138 Multi-Sensory Stimulation in 24
Page 136 and 137:
Abstract Objectives: To investigate
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2002; Sambandham and Schirm, 1995).
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Randomization took place at ward le
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eak) (Van Weert et al., 2004). Inte
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The caregivers were offered three i
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internal consistency (Cronbach’s
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The number of wards was too small t
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Background characteristics Table 6.
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* p< .05, ** p< .01 a The scores in
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- table 6.3 continued - Outcome mea
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al., 2002). The within-session impr
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Effects on resident's behaviour 163
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Abstract Background: Dementia among
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new model, reflecting the relations
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considerations (e.g., the presence
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working life. Outcome measures ‘Q
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value calculated from the valid ite
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Enrollment Allocation Follow-up Ana
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The table shows that the experiment
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Psychological outcomes The effects
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Table 7.4 Change in outcome measure
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Table 7.4 provides the adjusted est
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model takes into account the data o
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8 Summary and discussion Summary an
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analysis, which implied more power
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informal reciprocal consultation wa
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To study the adherence of CNAs to t
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Discussion Theoretical reflections
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The effects of improved quality of
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The results of the present study gi
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direction. Qualitative as well as q
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Schrijnemaekers, 2001; 2002). They
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This study helped to answer relevan
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The practical and complex methodolo
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expected. In the experimental group
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observation scale that included pos
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Stimulus preference screening and c
Page 211 and 212:
Samenvatting In dit proefschrift wo
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Om de effecten van snoezelen op de
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van gewoontes. De follow-up bijeenk
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tijdsinvestering gedaan wordt op zo
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In hoofdstuk 7 zijn de effecten van
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ewonersgerichte houding van verzorg
Page 223 and 224:
Samenvatting 233
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Ballard C, O’Brien J, James I, My
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Burns A. Psychotherapy in Alzheimer
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versus usual care to demented elder
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Grol RTPM, van Everdingen JJE, Casp
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observatiekliniek voor ouderen [Val
Page 235 and 236:
Landeweerd JA, Boumans NPG, Nissen
Page 237 and 238:
Ribbe MW, Ljunggren G, Steel K, Top
Page 239 and 240:
Schrijnemaekers VJJ, Rossum E van,
Page 241 and 242:
Volicer L, Camberg L, Hurley AC, As
Page 243 and 244:
254 Multi-Sensory Stimulation in 24
Page 245 and 246:
Definitions for verbal communicatio
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Definitions for ‘Positive Person
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Definitions for behaviour/mood item
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Item Definition Wandering / restles
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Appendix 2 Gedragsobservatielijst I
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CODE B2-6- B VK 0=nee / 1=ja CODE B
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Zorg Afhankelijkheids Schaal voor d
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12 Reageert zichtbaar op muziek noo
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50 Schuift met de voeten heen en we
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AGITATIE (CMAI-D) De volgende 29 vr
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DEPRESSIE (CSDD-D) Hierna volgen ee
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2. Incontinentie De mate waarin de
Page 270 and 271:
9. Vermijden van gevaar De mate waa
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Tot slot Wilt u a.u.b. controleren
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284 Multi Sensory Stimulation in 24
Page 278 and 279:
1) TOELICHTING Met behulp van deze
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1 wisselend ga door naar vraag 10
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Heeft u in uw werk voldoende afwiss
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C. OMGANG DOOR VERZORGENDEN MET DEM
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22 ik krijg van de demente bewoners
Page 289 and 290:
D. PROBLEMEN VAN VERZORGENDEN MET H
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schreeuwen) 1 2 3 4 5 8 29 depressi
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geen weinig niet weinig veel heel v
Page 296 and 297:
13 de mate waarin u het gevoel hebt
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zien? 6. Voelde u zich de laatste B
Page 300 and 301:
Eventuele aanvullende op- en aanmer
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Dankwoord Dankwoord 305
Page 304 and 305:
“En nu de zon nog….!”, zei ee
Page 306 and 307:
Curriculum Vitae Curriculum Vitae 3
Page 308 and 309:
Julia van Weert werd op 1 november
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Multi-Sensory Stimulation in 24-hour Dementia Care - Nivel

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