Methods for Changing Behaviors - Psychological Self-Help
Methods for Changing Behaviors - Psychological Self-Help
Methods for Changing Behaviors - Psychological Self-Help
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4. Fun activities alone--small: smell a rose, daydream, watch people, read a<br />
short article, play with pet, plan a party, etc. Medium: watching TV,<br />
reading, exercising, taking a shower, taking a walk, working in garden,<br />
writing a letter, etc. Large: do something creative or artistic, go hiking,<br />
start a hobby, go shopping, fix up a car, learn to fly, etc.<br />
5. Social activities--small: talk on the phone, tell a joke, go out <strong>for</strong> a snack,<br />
offer to help someone, invite someone over, etc. Medium: go to a movie<br />
or theater or ball game, go to or give a party, play sports, etc. Large: go<br />
on a vacation, join a club, go to a concert or a dance, start doing<br />
volunteer work, invite a <strong>for</strong>eign student to live with you, etc.<br />
6. Appreciation and rewards from others--small: getting a compliment or<br />
show of appreciation from others, someone fixes you a dessert, receiving<br />
a thank you note or a call saying, "You were so nice," etc. Medium:<br />
getting a letter of commendation, someone offering to do all the cooking<br />
while you are on a diet, hearing that someone has said really nice things<br />
about you, etc. Large: someone saying "I love you" or "I admire you" or<br />
"You are fantastic," someone offering help in getting a job, your relatives<br />
offering help when you need it, etc. The difficulty here is being able to<br />
control these powerful, valuable payoffs. That is, you aren't in control of<br />
when these rewards will be offered. Perhaps friends will cooperate.<br />
7. <strong>Self</strong>-appreciation and praise--small: saying to yourself, "You did that<br />
well!" or "You deserve a break." Medium: telling your family about some<br />
success, being quietly proud. Large: the thrill of success, like the football<br />
player's "dance" after scoring a touchdown or the college student<br />
screaming down the dorm hall, "I got into Law School!" The selfsatisfaction<br />
can involve an accomplishment, an enjoyment of your own<br />
body after losing weight, a respect <strong>for</strong> your own abilities and a good<br />
feeling when you live up to your highest values. It can be the opposite of<br />
material gain as when a priest or nun takes a vow of poverty but feels<br />
spiritually rich or when one feels super good after helping and giving to a<br />
neighbor whose house has burnt.<br />
8. Frequently occurring behaviors--Premack observed that such behaviors<br />
act the same as rein<strong>for</strong>cers. Thus, one can use puffing on a cigarette,<br />
drinking coffee or water, combing your hair, brushing your teeth, looking<br />
at your watch, calling a friend, going to the bathroom or any habit as a<br />
rein<strong>for</strong>cer. Sounds weird but it works.<br />
Hopefully, these examples will stimulate lots of ideas about how to<br />
rein<strong>for</strong>ce many desired behaviors.<br />
STEP THREE: Plan how to immediately rein<strong>for</strong>ce the desired<br />
behavior; write a contract.<br />
The simplest way to use rewards is to make a deal with yourself:<br />
as soon as you do ________, then you get a reward of________.<br />
Suppose you have two things to do in an afternoon--clean up the<br />
kitchen and play tennis with a friend. Many people would play tennis<br />
first and do the dishes later. A better way would be to do the dishes<br />
and reward that with tennis.<br />
There are numerous opportunities to make a contract with<br />
ourselves. Indeed, our lives are filled with rewards, so an alert self-<br />
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