THE VARIED ROLES OF SNAILS - National Universities Commission

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62. Mason, C. F. (1970). Food, feeding rates and assimilation in woodland snails. Oecologia, 4, 358-373. 63. Mead, A. R. (1957). Achatina fudica enters the economy. (A. Burges and F. Raw eds) Academic press, London. Pp413-433. 64. Muir, K. (1989). The potential role of indigenous resources in the oconomic development of and environments in sub-saharan Africa the case of wildlife utilization in Zimbabwe. Seciety and Natural Resources, 2, 307-318. 65. Newell, P. F. (1967). Mollusca in soil Biology (A. Burges and F. Raw eds). Academic press lands pp413-433. 66. Nisbet, R. H. (1974). The life of Achatinidae in London. Pro. Soc Mollusc. Studie. London, 41, 171- 183. 67. Odo, S. (1995). Epidemiology of urinary schistosomiasis in Benue State, Nigeria. PhD. Thesis, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, 280pp. 68. Okafor, F. C. (2001). Edible land sail: A manual of breeding management of Achatima achatina. Simarch Publizahas, Lagos 72pp. 126
69. Okafor, F. C. (1989). Consumption and assimilation of food in Achatina A. achatina (L). Tropical Ecology, 20(1), 52-57. 70. Okafor, F. C. (1989b). Distribution of Fresh water gastropods in the River Niger and Cross River basins of southeastern Nigeria with reference to their trematode infections. Bietr Trop landwirt. Veterinamed., 28, 207-212. 71. Okafor F. C. (1990a). On the effects of Ivermectin on snails of Medical and Veterinary importance Angwe. Parasitol., 31, 65-68. 72. Okafor F. C. (1990b). Schistosoma haematobium cercarriage transmission patterns in freshwater systems of Anambra State, Nigeria. Angwe. Parasitol., 31, 159-166. 73. Okafor, F. C. (1991). The effects of temperature on embryogenic development and reproduction of the freshwater snails Bulinus globosus (Morelet) and Lymnaea natalensis (Kraus).(Gastropoda: Pulmonata). Nig. J. Aquatic Sci., 6, 7-11. 74. Okafor, F. C. (1991). Host spectrum in the transmission of Schistosoma haematobium in southeastern Nigeria. Rivista Parasit., 2, 337-344. 127
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THE VARIED ROLES OF SNAILS (GASTROP
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1820 and twice that in 1930 (Martin
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contributions of snails to human ex
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a.) Production from the wild (wild
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Gastropods I: Terrestrial or Garden
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contracts and expands and this crea
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live on the surface so that they ca
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Many members of the Carrier shell f
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Most bivalves reproduce by laying m
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the snails, what is true of one spe
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principle, is a rasping tongue with
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sculptural defenses against crushin
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Fig. 6: Shells of different freshwa
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ight larval retractor i.e. establis
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(iii) The hypertrophy of the right
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ys two present kidneys 5. Operculum
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organs of some species and found si
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imperative for the ecosystem dynami
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oth of a direct and an indirect nat
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females.. Self fertilization is a c
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emerges and goes on a binge of repl
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of spermatozoa in males or stimulat
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d. LIFE CYCLE & LIFE BUDGET SUDIES:
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competitively loosely packed. With
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digestible vegetable. Tough plants
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Birds Various ducks Storks Kites Ot
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when mineral ions form chelate comp
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produce stress. Thus snail distribu
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Protein (g): 16 Availablecarbohydra
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or cocoyam, and palm oil or pea nut
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1925, 1931, at Angola and Namibia;
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meat with garlic. British species a
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4. Helicinidae 5. Fissurellidae 6.
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Helix nucuea Helix aperta Arianta a
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Archachatina calachatina marinae Ar
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sites in North Africa but are also
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infect man or animals. The five pri
Page 75 and 76: Okafor (1989, 1990, and 1992), Ozum
Page 77 and 78: P. aurita P. byronensis Gyraulus G.
Page 79 and 80: one miracidium the potential of pro
Page 81 and 82: In the snail the miracidium metamor
Page 83 and 84: While Potadoma and Semisulcospira s
Page 85 and 86: Clonorchiasis is caused by Clonorch
Page 87 and 88: Table 7: Showing a list of trematod
Page 89 and 90: promising and show reduction of pai
Page 91 and 92: memory loss have a devastating cons
Page 93 and 94: acteria. This bacteriostatic activi
Page 95 and 96: The thin, quickly leached soils of
Page 97 and 98: Snails are also pests of crops wher
Page 99 and 100: (f) The management of the snail far
Page 101 and 102: flakes or maize chaffs and mostly g
Page 103 and 104: important that they are separated i
Page 105 and 106: The profit = 1, 800,000 - 30,000 =
Page 107 and 108: designs that are very attractive an
Page 109 and 110: cornuarietis or of flatworms as bio
Page 111 and 112: In few location of the world, snail
Page 113 and 114: damages to crops. So, they must be
Page 115 and 116: 115
Page 117 and 118: The Nigerian Field, 44 (4), 130-144
Page 119 and 120: 19. Asibey, E. O. A. and child, G.
Page 121 and 122: 32. Dei, G. J. S. (1989). Hunting a
Page 123 and 124: J. moll. Studies, 64 (2), 173-181.
Page 125: 56. Lux moore, R. (1985). Game farm
Page 129 and 130: Proc. Symposium organized by the Br
Page 131 and 132: Chronicle Nautilus Batavia, 104,278
Page 133 and 134: Achatina fulicaBowdich,1822 Shell s
Page 135 and 136: Achatina immaculata Lamarck,1822 Sh
Page 137 and 138: Achatina stuhlmanni von Martens,189
Page 139 and 140: Columna leai(Tryon, 1866) : São To
Page 141 and 142: Shells of Gyraulus costulatus 141
Page 143 and 144: Shells of Biomphalaria pfeifferi 14
Page 145 and 146: Shells of Lanistes varicus and oper
Page 147 and 148: 147
Page 149 and 150: Courtesy of Yurii Yashin Courtesy o
Page 151 and 152: Yurii Yashin Yurii Yashin Yurii Yas
Page 153: 153
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