THE VARIED ROLES OF SNAILS - National Universities Commission

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(b) the consumption in the system is reduced when the ecosystem collapses with disastrous consequences such as malnutrition, morbidity and mortality. Complex and big changes occur in the ways man pursued his life, his methods of production and exploitation of his resources. For instance, the universal demand for food, clothing, shelter and other comforts of life, prompted the creation of many new things including new ways of using biodiversity around. Gastropods (i.e. snails) are one of the organisms that have co-existed with man which over the years have found itself playing several roles to meet the needs of man in a variety of ways. Scientists observed that everyday life throws more than a million opportunities in a man’s way but he tries to make the most of each one that may be accessible. In the case with snails, every opportunity to be useful to man is being harnessed and consummated. 1.3. MAN – SNAIL INTERACTIONS IN NATURE Man and Snails have associated intimately in nature from antiquity. The interactions between them have been recognized from the earliest times. These interactions became very prominent during the height of the Roman Empire when it was a common practice to eat Snails in the courts of the Emperor where they are used as aphrodisiac (Taylor, 1900). The high nutritive value of snail meat was later publicized by Leger in 1925 and Moretti in 1934. The true nature of snail meat was discussed in a Symposium paper where it was stressed that “snails were neither fish nor flesh; and that their consumption was permitted on meatless days in Europe (especially during lent), whereas they are avidly consumed in the rural tropical areas”. The 4
contributions of snails to human existence have been a subject of several debates and research evaluations. As far back as 1890 studies such as those of Locard in 1890, Rust in 1915, Boisseau and Lonorville in 1931, Arnould in 1933, Kaibo in 1935, Ri in 1935, Maubert in 1943, Pardo in 1943, Metteo in 1946, Jutting in 1952 and Cadart in 1955, attracted great attention to the snails and their benefits. The matter is still a topic being discussed in several rural development and poverty alleviation forums today. The scientists all agree that snails and man live together and have some dependence that exerts fundamental influences on the survival of both groups. Gastropods, as snails are known, belong to the biological Taxon called Mollusca. These belong to the animal kingdom. They are conspicuous invertebrates that have their soft bodies covered with calcareous shells and are very successful in nature. They live in a wide range of ecosystems from swamps, ditches, ponds, rivers, lakes, forests, gardens to farm lands. Not every member of this group has similar preferences, structure or behaviour. 1.4. DOMESTICATION <strong>OF</strong> WILD SPECIES As far back as 12,000 years ago, man started the journey into utilizing domesticated wild species of animals including snails. The process of looking to the wild in the quest for animals to be used for either medicine or food, was then guided by certain fundamental demands of human societies, especially, the need to obliterate hunger, to solve transportation problems and to do haulage work. In meeting these needs, man resorted to using wild animals and their products in a variety of ways that suited his existence (Afolayan, 1980). Several hundreds of thousands of wild 5
Page 1 and 2: THE VARIED ROLES OF SNAILS (GASTROP
Page 3: 1820 and twice that in 1930 (Martin
Page 7 and 8: a.) Production from the wild (wild
Page 9 and 10: Gastropods I: Terrestrial or Garden
Page 11 and 12: contracts and expands and this crea
Page 13 and 14: live on the surface so that they ca
Page 15 and 16: Many members of the Carrier shell f
Page 17 and 18: Most bivalves reproduce by laying m
Page 19 and 20: the snails, what is true of one spe
Page 21 and 22: principle, is a rasping tongue with
Page 23 and 24: sculptural defenses against crushin
Page 25 and 26: Fig. 6: Shells of different freshwa
Page 27 and 28: ight larval retractor i.e. establis
Page 29 and 30: (iii) The hypertrophy of the right
Page 31 and 32: ys two present kidneys 5. Operculum
Page 33 and 34: organs of some species and found si
Page 35 and 36: imperative for the ecosystem dynami
Page 37 and 38: oth of a direct and an indirect nat
Page 39 and 40: females.. Self fertilization is a c
Page 41 and 42: emerges and goes on a binge of repl
Page 43 and 44: of spermatozoa in males or stimulat
Page 45 and 46: d. LIFE CYCLE & LIFE BUDGET SUDIES:
Page 47 and 48: competitively loosely packed. With
Page 49 and 50: digestible vegetable. Tough plants
Page 51 and 52: Birds Various ducks Storks Kites Ot
Page 53 and 54: when mineral ions form chelate comp
Page 55 and 56:
produce stress. Thus snail distribu
Page 57 and 58:
Protein (g): 16 Availablecarbohydra
Page 59 and 60:
or cocoyam, and palm oil or pea nut
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1925, 1931, at Angola and Namibia;
Page 63 and 64:
meat with garlic. British species a
Page 65 and 66:
4. Helicinidae 5. Fissurellidae 6.
Page 67 and 68:
Helix nucuea Helix aperta Arianta a
Page 69 and 70:
Archachatina calachatina marinae Ar
Page 71 and 72:
sites in North Africa but are also
Page 73 and 74:
infect man or animals. The five pri
Page 75 and 76:
Okafor (1989, 1990, and 1992), Ozum
Page 77 and 78:
P. aurita P. byronensis Gyraulus G.
Page 79 and 80:
one miracidium the potential of pro
Page 81 and 82:
In the snail the miracidium metamor
Page 83 and 84:
While Potadoma and Semisulcospira s
Page 85 and 86:
Clonorchiasis is caused by Clonorch
Page 87 and 88:
Table 7: Showing a list of trematod
Page 89 and 90:
promising and show reduction of pai
Page 91 and 92:
memory loss have a devastating cons
Page 93 and 94:
acteria. This bacteriostatic activi
Page 95 and 96:
The thin, quickly leached soils of
Page 97 and 98:
Snails are also pests of crops wher
Page 99 and 100:
(f) The management of the snail far
Page 101 and 102:
flakes or maize chaffs and mostly g
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important that they are separated i
Page 105 and 106:
The profit = 1, 800,000 - 30,000 =
Page 107 and 108:
designs that are very attractive an
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cornuarietis or of flatworms as bio
Page 111 and 112:
In few location of the world, snail
Page 113 and 114:
damages to crops. So, they must be
Page 115 and 116:
115
Page 117 and 118:
The Nigerian Field, 44 (4), 130-144
Page 119 and 120:
19. Asibey, E. O. A. and child, G.
Page 121 and 122:
32. Dei, G. J. S. (1989). Hunting a
Page 123 and 124:
J. moll. Studies, 64 (2), 173-181.
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56. Lux moore, R. (1985). Game farm
Page 127 and 128:
69. Okafor, F. C. (1989). Consumpti
Page 129 and 130:
Proc. Symposium organized by the Br
Page 131 and 132:
Chronicle Nautilus Batavia, 104,278
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Achatina fulicaBowdich,1822 Shell s
Page 135 and 136:
Achatina immaculata Lamarck,1822 Sh
Page 137 and 138:
Achatina stuhlmanni von Martens,189
Page 139 and 140:
Columna leai(Tryon, 1866) : São To
Page 141 and 142:
Shells of Gyraulus costulatus 141
Page 143 and 144:
Shells of Biomphalaria pfeifferi 14
Page 145 and 146:
Shells of Lanistes varicus and oper
Page 147 and 148:
147
Page 149 and 150:
Courtesy of Yurii Yashin Courtesy o
Page 151 and 152:
Yurii Yashin Yurii Yashin Yurii Yas
Page 153:
153
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