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methods for impurity profiling of heroin and cocaine - United Nations ...

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Contents<br />

page<br />

I. Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1<br />

A. Background . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1<br />

B. Purpose <strong>of</strong> the manual. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2<br />

C. Use <strong>of</strong> the manual . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3<br />

II. Aspects <strong>of</strong> drug characterization <strong>and</strong> <strong>impurity</strong> <strong>pr<strong>of</strong>iling</strong> . . . . . . . . . . 5<br />

A. Background, concepts, purpose <strong>and</strong> strategies. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5<br />

B. Analytical implications <strong>of</strong> <strong>heroin</strong> <strong>and</strong> <strong>cocaine</strong> manufacture<br />

<strong>and</strong> supply . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6<br />

1. Determination <strong>of</strong> origin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6<br />

2. Establishing trafficking <strong>and</strong> distribution networks . . . . . . . . . . . . 9<br />

C. Types <strong>and</strong> investigational value <strong>of</strong> sample components . . . . . . . . . 10<br />

1. Major components. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11<br />

2. Trace components . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11<br />

3. Residual <strong>and</strong>/or occluded solvents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11<br />

4. Trace elements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12<br />

5. Isotopic abundance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12<br />

III. Methods <strong>for</strong> <strong>impurity</strong> <strong>pr<strong>of</strong>iling</strong> . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13<br />

A. General comments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13<br />

B. Heroin <strong>methods</strong> . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14<br />

1. Hydrolysis <strong>of</strong> <strong>heroin</strong> . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14<br />

2. Methods <strong>for</strong> the determination <strong>of</strong> major components . . . . . . . . 16<br />

3. Methods <strong>for</strong> the determination <strong>of</strong> trace components . . . . . . . . . 25<br />

4. Residual solvent analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31<br />

5. Additional <strong>methods</strong> . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34<br />

C. Cocaine <strong>methods</strong> . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35<br />

1. Methods <strong>for</strong> the determination <strong>of</strong> major components. . . . . . . . . 36<br />

2. Methods <strong>for</strong> the determination <strong>of</strong> trace components . . . . . . . . . 39<br />

3. Residual solvent analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44<br />

4. Additional <strong>methods</strong> . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45<br />

IV. Data h<strong>and</strong>ling, interpretation <strong>of</strong> results <strong>and</strong> approach to setting<br />

up <strong>pr<strong>of</strong>iling</strong> data collections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47<br />

A. Data h<strong>and</strong>ling. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47<br />

B. Interpretation <strong>of</strong> results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49<br />

C. Approach to setting up <strong>pr<strong>of</strong>iling</strong> data collections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49<br />

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