methods for impurity profiling of heroin and cocaine - United Nations ...
methods for impurity profiling of heroin and cocaine - United Nations ...
methods for impurity profiling of heroin and cocaine - United Nations ...
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Contents<br />
page<br />
I. Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1<br />
A. Background . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1<br />
B. Purpose <strong>of</strong> the manual. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2<br />
C. Use <strong>of</strong> the manual . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3<br />
II. Aspects <strong>of</strong> drug characterization <strong>and</strong> <strong>impurity</strong> <strong>pr<strong>of</strong>iling</strong> . . . . . . . . . . 5<br />
A. Background, concepts, purpose <strong>and</strong> strategies. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5<br />
B. Analytical implications <strong>of</strong> <strong>heroin</strong> <strong>and</strong> <strong>cocaine</strong> manufacture<br />
<strong>and</strong> supply . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6<br />
1. Determination <strong>of</strong> origin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6<br />
2. Establishing trafficking <strong>and</strong> distribution networks . . . . . . . . . . . . 9<br />
C. Types <strong>and</strong> investigational value <strong>of</strong> sample components . . . . . . . . . 10<br />
1. Major components. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11<br />
2. Trace components . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11<br />
3. Residual <strong>and</strong>/or occluded solvents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11<br />
4. Trace elements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12<br />
5. Isotopic abundance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12<br />
III. Methods <strong>for</strong> <strong>impurity</strong> <strong>pr<strong>of</strong>iling</strong> . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13<br />
A. General comments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13<br />
B. Heroin <strong>methods</strong> . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14<br />
1. Hydrolysis <strong>of</strong> <strong>heroin</strong> . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14<br />
2. Methods <strong>for</strong> the determination <strong>of</strong> major components . . . . . . . . 16<br />
3. Methods <strong>for</strong> the determination <strong>of</strong> trace components . . . . . . . . . 25<br />
4. Residual solvent analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31<br />
5. Additional <strong>methods</strong> . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34<br />
C. Cocaine <strong>methods</strong> . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35<br />
1. Methods <strong>for</strong> the determination <strong>of</strong> major components. . . . . . . . . 36<br />
2. Methods <strong>for</strong> the determination <strong>of</strong> trace components . . . . . . . . . 39<br />
3. Residual solvent analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44<br />
4. Additional <strong>methods</strong> . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45<br />
IV. Data h<strong>and</strong>ling, interpretation <strong>of</strong> results <strong>and</strong> approach to setting<br />
up <strong>pr<strong>of</strong>iling</strong> data collections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47<br />
A. Data h<strong>and</strong>ling. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47<br />
B. Interpretation <strong>of</strong> results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49<br />
C. Approach to setting up <strong>pr<strong>of</strong>iling</strong> data collections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49<br />
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