methods for impurity profiling of heroin and cocaine - United Nations ...
methods for impurity profiling of heroin and cocaine - United Nations ...
methods for impurity profiling of heroin and cocaine - United Nations ...
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Annex II 59<br />
B. Impurities in <strong>cocaine</strong> <strong>and</strong> their sources<br />
Detailed in<strong>for</strong>mation on the primary alkaloidal constituents <strong>of</strong> <strong>cocaine</strong> is available in the<br />
<strong>United</strong> <strong>Nations</strong> manual Recommended Methods <strong>for</strong> Testing Cocaine: Manual <strong>for</strong> Use by<br />
National Narcotics Laboratories (ST/NAR/7).<br />
In the tables below, major components are > 1% by weight (w/w); minor components<br />
are usually < 1% w/w; <strong>and</strong> trace components are usually < 0.1% w/w (typically requiring<br />
an extraction step).<br />
Table 4. Alkaloidal impurities in <strong>cocaine</strong> <strong>and</strong> their sources<br />
(a) Major <strong>and</strong> minor components Typical source<br />
Anhydroecgonine Gas chromatography (GC) artefact<br />
Anhydroecgonine methyl ester GC artefact<br />
Benzoic acid Hydrolysis <strong>of</strong> <strong>cocaine</strong><br />
Benzoylecgonine Hydrolysis <strong>of</strong> <strong>cocaine</strong>, also found in coca<br />
leaf but thought not to be extracted in the<br />
cl<strong>and</strong>estine process<br />
Trans-cinnamic acid Hydrolysis <strong>of</strong> cis- <strong>and</strong> trans-cinnamoyl<strong>cocaine</strong><br />
Cis-cinnamoylecgonine (<strong>of</strong>ten at trace level) Hydrolysis <strong>of</strong> cis-cinnamoyl<strong>cocaine</strong><br />
Trans-cinnamoylecgonine (<strong>of</strong>ten at trace level) Hydrolysis <strong>of</strong> trans-cinnamoyl<strong>cocaine</strong><br />
Cis-cinnamoyl<strong>cocaine</strong> Coca leaf<br />
Trans-cinnamoyl<strong>cocaine</strong> Coca leaf<br />
Ecgonine Hydrolysis <strong>of</strong> <strong>cocaine</strong>, also found in coca<br />
leaf, but thought not to be extracted in the<br />
cl<strong>and</strong>estine process<br />
Ecgonine methyl ester Found in coca leaf <strong>and</strong> occurs due to <strong>cocaine</strong><br />
hydrolysis; most probably is not extracted in<br />
the cl<strong>and</strong>estine process<br />
N-<strong>for</strong>myl-<strong>cocaine</strong> O 2 , a not present in coca leaf<br />
Nor<strong>cocaine</strong> O 2 , not known to be present in coca leaf<br />
Pseudoecgonine methyl ester GC artefact: direct injection in MeOH <strong>of</strong><br />
<strong>cocaine</strong> base (crack) containing traces <strong>of</strong><br />
NaHCO 3<br />
Truxillic acid(s) Hydrolysis <strong>of</strong> truxillines<br />
Truxillines Coca leaf, the total content <strong>of</strong> all isomers<br />
can be more than 10% <strong>of</strong> an unadulterated<br />
<strong>cocaine</strong> sample. 11 theoretical diastereomers–<br />
11 observed.<br />
Truxinic acid(s) Hydrolysis <strong>of</strong> truxillines<br />
(b) Cocaine trace-level impurities Typical source<br />
Acetoxyecgonine methyl ester Coca leaf<br />
N-Benzoylnor<strong>cocaine</strong> Possibly a GC artefact<br />
6-exo-Benzoyloxytropine Coca leaf<br />
Benzoyltropine Coca leaf<br />
Butyroylecgonine methyl ester Coca leaf<br />
Cis-cinnamoyltropa<strong>cocaine</strong> Coca leaf<br />
Trans-cinnamoyltropa<strong>cocaine</strong> Coca leaf<br />
2’-Furanoylecgonine methyl ester Coca leaf<br />
3’-Furanoylecgonine methyl ester Coca leaf
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