methods for impurity profiling of heroin and cocaine - United Nations ...
methods for impurity profiling of heroin and cocaine - United Nations ...
methods for impurity profiling of heroin and cocaine - United Nations ...
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58 Methods <strong>for</strong> <strong>impurity</strong> <strong>pr<strong>of</strong>iling</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>heroin</strong> <strong>and</strong> <strong>cocaine</strong><br />
Table 1. Alkaloidal impurities in <strong>heroin</strong> <strong>and</strong> their sources (continued)<br />
(b) Heroin trace-level impurities Typical source<br />
Desthebaine<br />
4,6-Diacetoxy-3-methoxy-5-<br />
Thebaine + Ac O 2<br />
[2-(N-methyl-acetamido)]ethylphenanthrene<br />
4,6-Diacetoxy-3-methoxy-8-<br />
Thebaine + Ac O 2<br />
[2-(N-methyl-acetamido)]ethylphenanthrene<br />
4,6-Diacetoxy-3-methoxyphenanthrene<br />
6-O-,N-Diacetylnorcodeine<br />
6-O-,N-Diacetylnormorphine<br />
3,6-Dimethoxy-4,5-epoxyphenanthrene<br />
Hydrocotarnine<br />
Meconine<br />
(E)-3-[2-(N-Methylacetamido)ethyl)-<br />
Thebaine + Ac O 2<br />
Thebaine + Ac O 2<br />
Codeine + O + Ac O<br />
2 2<br />
Morphine + O + Ac O + hydrolysis<br />
2 2<br />
Thebaine + Ac O 2<br />
Noscapine + O2 Opium; also a GC degradation product<br />
4,5-methylendioxy-6-methoxyphenyl]acrilic acid<br />
Alpha-Methylmorphimethine<br />
Papaveraldine<br />
Thebaol<br />
Triacetylnormorphine<br />
Nocapine + Ac O 2<br />
Morphine + Ac O 2<br />
Papaverine + O2 Thebaine + Ac O + hydrolysis<br />
2<br />
Morphine + O + Ac O<br />
2 2<br />
a Ac2 O = acetic anhydride.<br />
b O2 = oxidation.<br />
c Major decomposition product.<br />
Table 2. Heroin: adulterants<br />
(non-opiate cutting agents with pharmacological effects)<br />
Acetylsalicylic acid Diphenhydramine N-Phenyl-2-Naphthalene<br />
Allobarbital Gluthetimide N-Phenyl-2-Naphthylamine<br />
Aminophenazon Grise<strong>of</strong>ulvin Procaine<br />
Antipyrine Lidocaine (lignocaine) Quinine<br />
Ascorbic acid Methaqualone Salicylamide<br />
Barbital Methylphenobarbitone Salicylic acid<br />
Benzocaine Nicotinamide Strychnine<br />
Bisphenol-A Paracetamol (acetaminophen) Theophylline<br />
(+ acetyl-paracetamol)<br />
Caffeine Phenacetin Thiamine<br />
Chloroquine Phenazon Xylazine<br />
Cocaine Phenobarbitone (phenobarbital)<br />
Diazepam Phenolphthalein<br />
Table 3. Heroin: diluents (cutting agents to dilute the sample)<br />
<strong>and</strong> processing by-products<br />
Calcium carbonate a Iditol hexa-acetate Sodium chloride<br />
Calcium chloride Lactose/saccharose Starch (usually corn)<br />
Citric acid Mannitol/mannit/sorbit Sucrose<br />
Fructose Phthalic acid Sucrose octa-acetate<br />
Glucose Potassium chloride Tartaric acid<br />
Glycine Sodium carbonate<br />
a Calcium carbonate is almost always present as a processing by-product, almost never as a cutting agent (diluent).