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ANNEX II IMPURITIES IN HEROIN AND COCAINE AND THEIR “SOURCES” A. Impurities in heroin and their sources Detailed information on the primary alkaloidal constituents of heroin is available in the United Nations manual Recommended Methods for Testing Opium, Morphine and Heroin: Manual for Use by National Drug Testing Laboratories (ST/NAR/29/Rev.1). In the tables below, major components are > 1% by weight (w/w); minor components are usually < 1% w/w; and trace components are usually < 0.1% w/w (typically requiring an extraction step). Table 1. Alkaloidal impurities in heroin and their sources (a) Major and minor components Typical source Acetylcodeine Opium, codeine + Ac 2 O a 3-O-Acetylmorphine Opium, morphine + Ac 2 O 6-O-Acetylmorphine Heroin + hydrolysis (small quantities from morphine + Ac 2 O) Codeine Opium Heroin (diacetylmorphine, diamorphine) Opium, morphine + Ac 2 O Morphine Opium Noscapine {levo} narcotine – {racemic} Opium Papaverine Opium (b) Heroin trace-level impurities Typical source (1R,9S)-1-Acetoxy-N-acetyl- 1,9-dihydro-anhydronornarceine 4-Acetoxy-3,6-dimethoxy-5- Noscapine + Ac O 2 [2-(N-methyl-acetamido)]ethylphenanthrene 4-Acetoxy-3,6-dimethoxy-8- Thebaine + Ac O 2 [2-(N-methyl-acetamido)]ethylphenanthrene Delta Thebaine + Ac O 2 5,7,9(14) -N-Acetyldesthebaine =unstable= (E)-N-Acetylanhydronornarceine (Z)-N-Acetylanhydronornarceine N-Acetylnorlaudanosine N-Acetylnormorphine N-Acetylnornarcotine 4-O-Acetylthebaol Thebaine + Ac O 2 Noscapine + Ac O 2 Noscapine + Ac O 2 Norlaudanosine + Ac O 2 b Morphine + O + Ac2O + hydrolysis 2 Noscapine + O + Ac O 2 2 c Thebaine + Ac O 2 57
58 Methods for impurity profiling of heroin and cocaine Table 1. Alkaloidal impurities in heroin and their sources (continued) (b) Heroin trace-level impurities Typical source Desthebaine 4,6-Diacetoxy-3-methoxy-5- Thebaine + Ac O 2 [2-(N-methyl-acetamido)]ethylphenanthrene 4,6-Diacetoxy-3-methoxy-8- Thebaine + Ac O 2 [2-(N-methyl-acetamido)]ethylphenanthrene 4,6-Diacetoxy-3-methoxyphenanthrene 6-O-,N-Diacetylnorcodeine 6-O-,N-Diacetylnormorphine 3,6-Dimethoxy-4,5-epoxyphenanthrene Hydrocotarnine Meconine (E)-3-[2-(N-Methylacetamido)ethyl)- Thebaine + Ac O 2 Thebaine + Ac O 2 Codeine + O + Ac O 2 2 Morphine + O + Ac O + hydrolysis 2 2 Thebaine + Ac O 2 Noscapine + O2 Opium; also a GC degradation product 4,5-methylendioxy-6-methoxyphenyl]acrilic acid Alpha-Methylmorphimethine Papaveraldine Thebaol Triacetylnormorphine Nocapine + Ac O 2 Morphine + Ac O 2 Papaverine + O2 Thebaine + Ac O + hydrolysis 2 Morphine + O + Ac O 2 2 a Ac2 O = acetic anhydride. b O2 = oxidation. c Major decomposition product. Table 2. Heroin: adulterants (non-opiate cutting agents with pharmacological effects) Acetylsalicylic acid Diphenhydramine N-Phenyl-2-Naphthalene Allobarbital Gluthetimide N-Phenyl-2-Naphthylamine Aminophenazon Griseofulvin Procaine Antipyrine Lidocaine (lignocaine) Quinine Ascorbic acid Methaqualone Salicylamide Barbital Methylphenobarbitone Salicylic acid Benzocaine Nicotinamide Strychnine Bisphenol-A Paracetamol (acetaminophen) Theophylline (+ acetyl-paracetamol) Caffeine Phenacetin Thiamine Chloroquine Phenazon Xylazine Cocaine Phenobarbitone (phenobarbital) Diazepam Phenolphthalein Table 3. Heroin: diluents (cutting agents to dilute the sample) and processing by-products Calcium carbonate a Iditol hexa-acetate Sodium chloride Calcium chloride Lactose/saccharose Starch (usually corn) Citric acid Mannitol/mannit/sorbit Sucrose Fructose Phthalic acid Sucrose octa-acetate Glucose Potassium chloride Tartaric acid Glycine Sodium carbonate a Calcium carbonate is almost always present as a processing by-product, almost never as a cutting agent (diluent).
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METHODS FOR IMPURITY PROFILING OF H
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Note Operating and experimental con
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Contents page I. Introduction. . .
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I. INTRODUCTION A. Background In or
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Introduction 3 on the detection and
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Page 70 and 71: ANNEX III REFERENCE CHROMATOGRAMS A
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Page 74 and 75: Annex III 67 Table 2. Relative migr
Page 76 and 77: Annex III 69 Table 3. Identificatio
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