Grouted Macadam: Material Characterisation for Pavement Design

List of Contents
Figure 7.27 – Positions of the cores extracted from the surface course 171
Figure 7.28 – Average ITSM test results obtained on cores extracted from PTF 172
Figure 7.29 – Core extracted from PTF middle section 173
Figure 7.30 – Hole in PTF as a result of extracting a core from the surface
course 173
Figure 7.31 – ITFT results obtained from cores extracted from standard
mixture sections 174
Figure 7.32 – Fatigue results of ‘damaged’ specimens 175
Figure 7.33 – Fatigue results of ‘undamaged’ specimens 175
Figure 7.34 – Comparison between fatigue lines of ‘damaged’ and
‘undamaged’ specimens 176
Figure 7.35 – Stiffness modulus of each PTF mixture 177
Figure 7.36 – Phase angle of each PTF mixture 177
Figure 7.37 – Four-point bending fatigue results of each PTF standard mixture 178
Figure 7.38 – Four-point bending fatigue results of each PTF mixture 178
Figure 8.1 – Example designs for foundation classes 1 to 4 on 5% CBR
subgrade (Nunn, 2004) 185
Figure 8.2 – Modes of loading used to determine the influence of rest
periods on the fatigue life of grouted macadams 188
Figure 8.3 – Influence of rest periods duration on grouted macadam
fatigue life 189
Figure 8.4 – Influence of rest periods on the fatigue life of grouted macadams 190
Figure 8.5 – Schematic representation of the internal moments induced by
permanent deformation of the support 191
Figure 8.6 – Maximum tensile strains induced in grouted macadam surface
courses as a function of rut depth and width 193
Figure 8.7 – Allowable rut depth of grouted macadam surface course used in
PTF, according to the rut width measured after one day of testing 194
Figure 8.8 – Typical pavement structure used in BISAR to determine the
critical tensile strains induced by a standard wheel load 195
Figure 8.9 – Design of base under a 40 mm HRA or SMA surface course,
taking into account the traditional fatigue criterion and the
appearance of surface cracking 196
Figure 8.10 – Design of base under a 40 mm Grouted Macadam surface
course, taking into account the traditional fatigue criterion
and the appearance of surface cracking 196
Figure 8.11 – Influence of the type of surface course on the design of the
base, considering the traditional fatigue criterion (at the
underside of the base) 197
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