Grouted Macadam: Material Characterisation for Pavement Design

List of Contents
3.4.2 The influence of testing conditions 58
3.4.2.1 Temperature, loading time and frequency 60
3.4.2.2 Type of laboratory tests 67
3.5 Design of pavements incorporating grouted macadams 67
3.6 Summary 68
4 Development of Four-Point Bending Equipment 69
4.1 Introduction 69
4.2 Review of fatigue test equipment 70
4.3 Design and manufacture of the equipment 74
4.4 Equipment calibration 77
4.5 Data acquisition system 79
4.6 Tests performed with the equipment 81
4.7 Summary 84
5 Basic Characterisation of the Materials 85
5.1 Introduction 85
5.2 Aggregate 86
5.3 Bitumen 88
5.4 Open-graded Asphalt 88
5.5 Cementitious Grout(s) 90
5.6 Grouted Macadam 95
5.6.1 Coefficient of Thermal Expansion 95
5.6.2 Early-age mechanical properties 96
5.6.3 Resistance to permanent deformation 100
5.6.4 Indirect Tensile Stiffness Modulus (ITSM) 101
5.6.4.1 Effect of temperature 101
5.6.4.2 Effect of binder ageing 103
5.6.4.3 Effect of testing strain level 104
5.6.5 Four-point bending stiffness tests 105
5.6.6 Indirect Tensile Fatigue Tests (ITFT) 105
5.6.7 Four-point Bending Fatigue Tests 107
5.7 Summary and Conclusions 109
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