Grouted Macadam: Material Characterisation for Pavement Design

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ABSTRACT A new type of pavement has been gaining popularity over the last few years in the U.K. It comprises a surface course with a semi-flexible material that provides significant advantages in comparison to both concrete and conventional asphalt, having both rut resistance and a degree of flexibility. It also provides good protection against the ingress of water to the foundation, since it has an impermeable surface. The semi-flexible material, generally known as grouted macadam, comprises an open-graded asphalt skeleton with 25 to 35% voids into which a cementitious slurry is grouted. This hybrid mixture provides good rut resistance and a surface highly resistant to fuel and oil spillage. Such properties allow it to be used in industrial areas, airports and harbours, where those situations are frequently associated with heavy and slow traffic. Grouted Macadams constitute a poorly understood branch of pavement technology and have generally been relegated to a role in certain specialist pavements whose performance is predicted on purely empirical evidence. Therefore, the main objectives of this project were related to better understanding the properties of this type of material, in order to predict its performance more realistically and to design pavements incorporating grouted macadam more accurately. Based on a standard mix design, which has been used in the U.K. for the past few years, several variables were studied during this project in order to characterise the behaviour of grouted macadams in general, and the influence of those variables on the fundamental properties of the final mixture. In this research project, two approaches were used to the design of pavements incorporating grouted macadams: a traditional design method, based on laboratory determined fatigue life and; an iterative approach, taking into account the degradation of the mixture properties with load applications. A half-scale pavement was constructed in the laboratory Pavement Test Facility, in order to study the performance of the main mixtures used during the project, following the appearance and degradation of cracks. i
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The present project was carried out at the Nottingham Centre for Pavement Engineering, School of Civil Engineering, University of Nottingham, under the supervision of Dr. Nicholas H. Thom and Dr. Salah E. Zoorob from the same university, and co-supervision of Dr. Jorge C. Pais from the University of Minho, Portugal. The conclusion of this dissertation was only possible due to the collaboration of several individuals and entities to whom I would like to express my gratitude. First of all, I would like to thank Dr. Nicholas Thom for his constant interest, encouragement, suggestions, prompt response and valuable discussions that contributed immeasurably to the completion of this dissertation, not forgetting his careful reading of the original text. My gratitude is also due to Dr. Salah Zoorob for his dedication and contribution in all laboratory related issues. His experience and attention to detail have made everything look easier. Also his careful review of the dissertation is very much appreciated. To Dr. Jorge Pais I would like to thank for the opportunity he gave me to come to Nottingham and his constant support. I cannot forget the financial support provided by the project sponsor – Kajima Construction Europe, Ltd., without which it would not have been possible to carry out the present project. I would also like to thank the University of Minho, Portugal, where I work, for the three year period that was conceded to me to carry out my studies at Nottingham. I would also like to thank Prof. Paulo Pereira, Head of the Highways Group of the University of Minho, as well as my colleagues Dr. Elisabete Freitas and Dr. Hugo Silva, from the same group, for their constant encouragement. ii
Page 1: GROUTED MACADAM - MATERIAL CHARACTE
Page 5 and 6: LIST OF CONTENTS Abstract i Acknowl
Page 7 and 8: List of Contents 6 Grouted Macadams
Page 9 and 10: LIST OF FIGURES List of Contents Fi
Page 11 and 12: List of Contents Figure 4.2 - Grout
Page 13 and 14: List of Contents Figure 6.32 - Crac
Page 15 and 16: List of Contents Figure 8.12 - Infl
Page 17 and 18: LIST OF TABLES List of Contents Tab
Page 19 and 20: 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background Road
Page 21 and 22: Chapter 1 Introduction These facts
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Page 25 and 26: Chapter 2 Review of “Traditional
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Chapter 2 Review of “Traditional
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Chapter 2 Review of “Traditional
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3 REVIEW OF GROUTED MACADAMS 3.1 In
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Chapter 3 Review of Grouted Macadam
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4 DEVELOPMENT OF FOUR-POINT BENDING
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Chapter 4 Development of Four-Point
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5 BASIC CHARACTERISATION OF THE MAT
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Chapter 5 Basic Characterisation of
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6 GROUTED MACADAMS MIX DESIGN STUDY
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Chapter 6 Grouted Macadams Mix Desi
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7 DETERIORATION OF HALF-SCALE PAVEM
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Chapter 7 Deterioration of Half-Sca
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8 DEVELOPMENT OF DESIGN METHOD FOR
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Chapter 8 Development of Design Met
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9 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS I
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Chapter 9 Conclusions and Recommend
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References Brown, S. F. and Brodric
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References Di Benedetto, H., De La
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References Osman, S. A., (2004). Th
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References van de Ven, M. F. C. and
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APPENDICES Appendix A: Engineering
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Stiffness (MPa) 25000 20000 15000 1
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Stiffness (MPa) 12000 11000 10000 9
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Stiffness (MPa) 10000 9500 9000 850
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Stiffness (MPa) 8500 8000 7500 7000
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Stiffness (MPa) 10000 9000 8000 700
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Fatigue life of the studied mixture
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Mixture Specimen Slab 05-0296 PTF -
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Stiffness Modulus of DBM 50 and sta
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Grouted Macadam: Material Characterisation for Pavement Design

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