Grouted Macadam: Material Characterisation for Pavement Design

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Chapter 2 Review of “Traditional” Road Pavement Types and Design The fourth type of pavement is known as semi-flexible pavement and is characterised by the composition of the surface course, which includes semi-flexible materials, i.e., grouted macadams. In essence, this composite material comprises a porous asphalt skeleton into which a cementitious grout is poured, completely filling the voids. This type of pavement has the potential to combine the best qualities of flexible and rigid pavements, namely the absence of joints that characterises asphalt and the long life and high bearing capacity of concrete. The impermeable surface of a grouted macadam mixture provides good protection to the foundation against the ingress of water. This type of pavement demands a two stage construction. Nonetheless, the time required before opening to traffic is still considerably less than that needed when using concrete. Table 2.1 presents a summary of the main advantages and disadvantages of each type of pavement previously discussed. Table 2.1 – Basic qualities of various road pavement types (Adapted from Setyawan, 2003) Type of pavement Advantages Disadvantages Flexible Pavements (Bitumen based) Rigid Pavement (Concrete) Semi-rigid Pavement (Concrete and Asphalt) Semi-flexible pavement (Grouted macadams) Flexible, jointless, quickly serviceable, good riding quality High strength, high bearing capacity High overall bearing capacity, good riding quality High strength, enhanced durability, flexible, jointless, quickly serviceable Limited service life, limited static bearing capacity Slow setting, joints, cracks, large layer thickness Cracked base, reflective cracking, surface rutting susceptible Two stage construction of surface course The semi-flexible pavement type of construction has been selected for a detailed investigation in this project. A detailed characterisation of Grouted Macadam properties is therefore presented separately in Chapter 3. For the remainder of this chapter, a description of the materials used in flexible, rigid and semi-rigid pavements and their main properties is made in the following sections. 8
Chapter 2 Review of “Traditional” Road Pavement Types and Design 2.2.1 Flexible Pavements In a flexible pavement the upper layers are composed of bituminous materials. There are several types of bituminous mixtures that can be used in those layers, depending upon the function of the layer. The surface course usually has to be relatively impermeable, to protect the layers underneath from the ingress of water (except in the case of porous asphalt), and has to provide adequate skid resistance for the traffic. The base and binder courses are essentially structural layers contributing to the spread of loads applied by the traffic. Figure 2.1 represents a typical flexible pavement structure. The surfacing layers are made of bituminous materials; the base may be bituminous or granular; and the foundation, made up sub-base and the capping (if used), is generally made of granular materials. The foundation provides a platform on to which the more expensive layers are placed. Its function is to distribute the stresses imposed by the traffic loading in order to transmit them to the subgrade without causing any form of distress to it. It can also be used to provide frost protection, in countries where it is necessary, to protect the subgrade from heave. The foundation is an important part of the pavement not only in its service life but also during the construction phase, where the stress level imposed by the construction traffic can be even higher then those generated in service (Read and Whiteoak, 2003). Foundation Surface course Binder course Base Sub-base Capping Subgrade Surfacing Formation Sub-formation Figure 2.1 – Layers in a flexible pavement (Adapted from Read and Whiteoak, 2003 and Highways Agency, 1999) 9
Page 1 and 2: GROUTED MACADAM - MATERIAL CHARACTE
Page 3 and 4: ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The present projec
Page 5 and 6: LIST OF CONTENTS Abstract i Acknowl
Page 7 and 8: List of Contents 6 Grouted Macadams
Page 9 and 10: LIST OF FIGURES List of Contents Fi
Page 11 and 12: List of Contents Figure 4.2 - Grout
Page 13 and 14: List of Contents Figure 6.32 - Crac
Page 15 and 16: List of Contents Figure 8.12 - Infl
Page 17 and 18: LIST OF TABLES List of Contents Tab
Page 19 and 20: 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background Road
Page 21 and 22: Chapter 1 Introduction These facts
Page 23 and 24: Chapter 1 Introduction is discussed
Page 25: Chapter 2 Review of “Traditional
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Page 57 and 58: 3 REVIEW OF GROUTED MACADAMS 3.1 In
Page 59 and 60: Chapter 3 Review of Grouted Macadam
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Chapter 3 Review of Grouted Macadam
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4 DEVELOPMENT OF FOUR-POINT BENDING
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Chapter 4 Development of Four-Point
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5 BASIC CHARACTERISATION OF THE MAT
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Chapter 5 Basic Characterisation of
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6 GROUTED MACADAMS MIX DESIGN STUDY
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Chapter 6 Grouted Macadams Mix Desi
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7 DETERIORATION OF HALF-SCALE PAVEM
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Chapter 7 Deterioration of Half-Sca
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8 DEVELOPMENT OF DESIGN METHOD FOR
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Chapter 8 Development of Design Met
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9 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS I
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Chapter 9 Conclusions and Recommend
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References Brown, S. F. and Brodric
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References Di Benedetto, H., De La
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References Osman, S. A., (2004). Th
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References van de Ven, M. F. C. and
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APPENDICES Appendix A: Engineering
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Stiffness (MPa) 25000 20000 15000 1
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Stiffness (MPa) 12000 11000 10000 9
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Stiffness (MPa) 10000 9500 9000 850
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Stiffness (MPa) 8500 8000 7500 7000
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Stiffness (MPa) 10000 9000 8000 700
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Fatigue life of the studied mixture
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Mixture Specimen Slab 05-0296 PTF -
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Stiffness Modulus of DBM 50 and sta
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Grouted Macadam: Material Characterisation for Pavement Design

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