Grouted Macadam: Material Characterisation for Pavement Design

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List of Contents 8.3 Conventional design methods applied to pavements incorporating grouted macadam 186 8.3.1 Relationship between laboratory results and field performance 186 8.3.2 Design of pavements with grouted macadam surface courses 191 8.3.2.1 Influence of permanent deformation of the support 191 8.3.2.2 Influence of surface originated cracking (top-down cracking) 194 8.3.3 Design of pavements with grouted macadam base courses 198 8.4 Assessment of pavement design method based on fatigue performance 201 8.4.1 Laboratory testing programme 201 8.4.2 Fatigue test results 203 8.4.3 Pavement design based on fatigue performance 209 8.5 Summary and Conclusions 214 9 Conclusions and Recommendations 217 References 226 Appendices 234 vii
LIST OF FIGURES List of Contents Figure 2.1 – Layers in a flexible pavement (Adapted from Read and Whiteoak, 2003 and Highways Agency, 1999) 9 Figure 2.2 – Mechanisms of reflective cracking (Adapted from Whiteoak, 1990) 13 Figure 2.3 – Permanent deformation under the wheel track (Adapted from Whiteoak, 1990) 14 Figure 2.4 – Variation of Rut depth with variation of voids content (Sousa, 1994) 15 Figure 2.5 – Components of concrete pavements (Adapted from Croney and Croney, 1991) 17 Figure 2.6 – Cracks in an unreinforced concrete pavement (Croney and Croney, 1991) 18 Figure 2.7 – Typical cracking in continuously reinforced concrete pavement (Croney and Croney, 1991) 19 Figure 2.8 – Semi-rigid pavement structure (Adapted from Croney and Croney, 1991) 21 Figure 2.9 – Characterisation of CBGM by tensile strength and modulus of elasticity at 28 days – System II (BSI, 2004) 23 Figure 2.10 – Reflective cracking in a composite pavement with a jointed concrete base (Saraf, 1998) 24 Figure 2.11 – Transverse reflective crack in a composite pavement with an unjointed concrete base (Saraf, 1998) 24 Figure 2.12 – Stresses induced at the cracked section of an overlay due to a moving wheel load (Francken, 1993) 25 Figure 2.13 – Typical modes of propagation of transverse cracks (Francken, 1993) 25 Figure 2.14 – Critical stresses and strains in a bituminous pavement (Powell et al., 1984) 30 Figure 2.15 – Design curve for roads with bituminous base (Powell et al., 1984) 30 Figure 2.16 – Flow diagram of design procedure (Brown and Brunton, 1985) 33 Figure 2.17 – Use of Volume 7 of the Design Manual for Roads and Bridges (Hunter, 2000) 34 Figure 2.18 – Design thickness for flexible composite (i.e. semi-rigid) pavements (Highways Agency, 2001) 35 Figure 2.19 – Procedure for a fundamental design method (COST 333, 1999) 36 Figure 3.1 – Cementitious grout during the process of penetrating the voids of a porous asphalt skeleton 41 viii
Page 1 and 2: GROUTED MACADAM - MATERIAL CHARACTE
Page 3 and 4: ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The present projec
Page 5 and 6: LIST OF CONTENTS Abstract i Acknowl
Page 7: List of Contents 6 Grouted Macadams
Page 11 and 12: List of Contents Figure 4.2 - Grout
Page 13 and 14: List of Contents Figure 6.32 - Crac
Page 15 and 16: List of Contents Figure 8.12 - Infl
Page 17 and 18: LIST OF TABLES List of Contents Tab
Page 19 and 20: 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background Road
Page 21 and 22: Chapter 1 Introduction These facts
Page 23 and 24: Chapter 1 Introduction is discussed
Page 25 and 26: Chapter 2 Review of “Traditional
Page 57 and 58: 3 REVIEW OF GROUTED MACADAMS 3.1 In
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Chapter 3 Review of Grouted Macadam
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4 DEVELOPMENT OF FOUR-POINT BENDING
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Chapter 4 Development of Four-Point
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5 BASIC CHARACTERISATION OF THE MAT
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Chapter 5 Basic Characterisation of
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6 GROUTED MACADAMS MIX DESIGN STUDY
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Chapter 6 Grouted Macadams Mix Desi
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7 DETERIORATION OF HALF-SCALE PAVEM
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Chapter 7 Deterioration of Half-Sca
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8 DEVELOPMENT OF DESIGN METHOD FOR
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Chapter 8 Development of Design Met
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9 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS I
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Chapter 9 Conclusions and Recommend
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References Brown, S. F. and Brodric
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References Di Benedetto, H., De La
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References Osman, S. A., (2004). Th
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References van de Ven, M. F. C. and
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APPENDICES Appendix A: Engineering
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Stiffness (MPa) 25000 20000 15000 1
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Stiffness (MPa) 12000 11000 10000 9
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Stiffness (MPa) 10000 9500 9000 850
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Stiffness (MPa) 8500 8000 7500 7000
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Stiffness (MPa) 10000 9000 8000 700
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Fatigue life of the studied mixture
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Mixture Specimen Slab 05-0296 PTF -
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Stiffness Modulus of DBM 50 and sta
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Grouted Macadam: Material Characterisation for Pavement Design

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