WP 5 Analysis of present IWRM practices - Brahmatwinn

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3 Major water users in the UBRB In this chapter the water supply situation for the sectors public water supply and industrial water uses in the different states along the Brahmaputra River will be presented. It becomes clear that water consumption of the industrial sector is comparatively low in Tibet and Bhutan. Most of the available fresh water is used by the agricultural sector. 3.1 General situation in the UBRB The water consumption situation is totally different in the riparian states of the Brahmaputra. While Tibet is characterized by a sparse population and respectively low water demands, Bhutan shows high potential of hydropower production and high potential of irrigation. Assam has the largest population and highest population density. Water demand is high for public water supply and irrigation water. The Brahmaputra River flows through some of the most densely populated areas in the world. The countries downstream of the Brahmaputra, India and Bangladesh depend mostly on the water of the Brahmaputra River. Because of large population, water demand is high and population increases continuously. These countries depend on the water resources in adequate quantity and quality coming from upstream countries Tibet and Bhutan. Due to this situation conflicts in respective to competitive water demands between countries arise. Fig. 5: Population density in the Brahmaputra river basin (ICIMOD 2005). The average population density in the basin is estimated to be 182 persons/ km 2 (IUCN, IWMI, RAMSAR CONVENTION BUREAU 2002) which results in a total population of 118 Million people for the entire basin (ICIMOD 2005). However, the population density varies widely between the sparsely 12
populated uplands and the densely populated middle mountains and river plains. The highest density of 828 persons/ km 2 is recorded in the Bangladesh portion, followed by India (143 persons/ km 2 ), Bhutan (26 persons/ km 2 ) and Tibet (6 persons/ km 2 ) (GOSWAMI 1985). Other institutions even estimate a population density of less than 2 persons/ km 2 for the Tibetan Plateau. The total population in Tibet Autonomous Region TAR is numbered at 6.16 million. Growth rates also vary largely in different parts of the basin. Bhutan’s population is estimated to be 0.65 million in the year 2005 with a growth rate of 1.3 % (ROYAL GOVERNMENT OF BHUTAN 2006 2 ). In the Indian territory of the Brahmaputra live approximately 33.2 Mio. inhabitants, 86% of the population lives in rural areas (IWMI 2005). Large parts of the basin are marked due to a little developed socio-economy. In Bhutan poverty is an important issue. The Poverty Analysis Report (2004) identified 31.7% of the population living below the lower poverty line, established at Nu. 740.36 per month (around US $20). This study also concluded that poverty in Bhutan was largely a rural phenomenon. However, Bhutan has made major strides in the past 45 years, according to the Human Development Index (HDI). In the global HDI of 2006, Bhutan is ranked 135 out of 177 countries, and is now listed under “medium human development” (ICIMOD 2008). Special groups on the basis of their environment are the char dwellers in India and Bangladesh (SARKER ET AL. 2003). In braided rivers such as the Brahmaputra river, islands emerge and disappear with erosion and accretion processes. In Bangladesh these lands are generally known as ‘chars’ and provide opportunities for establishing human settlements and agricultural activities. SARKER ET AL. 2003 name the people living in this environment as char dwellers. No superior authority responsible for water management on Brahmaputra River basin scale exists. Only national authorities and institutions, as well as national laws exist. Water management and organization of water supply is regulated on national level, but not at trans-boundary level. There exist only some bilateral agreements for example between India and Bhutan concerning hydropower production. China and India have different river linking plans to divert water from the Brahmaputra for mitigating water problems in other parts of the country. China wants to divert water from the Brahmaputra to the North and India wants to divert water from the river to solve water supply problems in the Ganga basin in low flow times. Both plans are not feasible; because they would have grave impacts on the other states. This delivers a high conflict potential, no solution with advantages for all riparian states was found so far. A superior authority would help to solve these conflicts by supporting the communication between states. 13
Page 1 and 2: Project no: GOCE -036952 Project ac
Page 3 and 4: Summary The twinning Upper Danube R
Page 5 and 6: (approx. 55%) of the usable water r
Page 7 and 8: • In the UDRB substantial progres
Page 9 and 10: Project no: GOCE -036952 Project ac
Page 11 and 12: Directory of figures Fig. 1: Water
Page 13 and 14: In the Austrian part live aproximat
Page 15 and 16: 2.1 Public water supply The public
Page 17 and 18: amounts 90 Mio.m 3 (BUNDESMINISTERI
Page 19: • Transboundary conflicts and tre
Page 23 and 24: Tab. 4: Water resources and utiliza
Page 25 and 26: TAR has the lowest per capita indus
Page 27 and 28: Tab. 7: River water quality and was
Page 29 and 30: • Haihe River Water Resources Com
Page 31 and 32: area. The vibrant construction indu
Page 33 and 34: ) new settlements: where a rural wa
Page 35 and 36: Urbanization is also affecting the
Page 37 and 38: ) to enhance the reasonable sharing
Page 39 and 40: the lean flow of 304 cubic meters p
Page 41 and 42: IWMI (2005): Spatial Variation in W
Page 43 and 44: List of contributors Partner 1 FSU
Page 45 and 46: 1 Introduction IWRM in a trans-boun
Page 47 and 48: Danube region in comparison to the
Page 49 and 50: German Meteorological Service. The
Page 51 and 52: 2.1.4 Management in the Salzach bas
Page 53 and 54: Fig. 9: Salzach former (above) and
Page 55 and 56: iverbed sinking. The sinking of the
Page 57 and 58: 3 Water distribution strategies and
Page 59 and 60: The drainage area of the Yarlung Ts
Page 61 and 62: the basin underlain by permafrost r
Page 63 and 64: Other strategies: remove masses of
Page 65 and 66: The few that have been recorded in
Page 67 and 68: and an increase in intense rainfall
Page 69 and 70: A practicable judicious combination
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arrangements existed prior to the e
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Discharge in m3/s 5000 4500 4000 35
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Project no: GOCE -036952 Project ac
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Directory of figures Fig. 1: Non po
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Waste water discharges back through
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In the table is shown that nitrogen
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ate alone controls how fast (or slo
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Population in millions 45 40 35 30
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Fig. 5: 1991 - 2080 Tehsil wise pop
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3.2 Trends in Population Growth: Bh
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Tab. 6: Urban population projection
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Major water user in Bhutan is the p
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The Public Health Engineering Divis
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Percent 4 3,5 3 2,5 2 1,5 1 0,5 0 -
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Fig. 11: District population distri
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and approval. The statement assesse
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Project no: GOCE -036952 Project ac
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Directory of figures Fig. 1: Irriga
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Example of government aid for susta
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In Lhasa Gravity Irrigation is main
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36, Wuqi Duilongqu, the branch of L
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These problems have led to a very l
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The National Irrigation Policy was
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pesticides are effective when used
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• Region of Applicability of Resu
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up at Rs. 3.19 Crore for a target o
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References BAYRISCHER OBERSTER RECH
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List of contributors Partner 1 FSU
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In the middle of the river basins,
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to provide water to the urban area,
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References BAYERISCHES LANDESAMT F
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Content Introduction ..............
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echarge dynamics was chosen as the
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They are shown in Fig. 8.1 and 8.2
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Fig. 3: Average modeled water balan
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6 Conclusions for IWRM The applicat
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Krause, P., Bende-Michl, U., Bäse,
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B Surface runoff CLASS VALUE FROM V
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D Baseflow CLASS VALUE FROM VALUE T
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21% 9% 7% WRRU class distribution U
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WP 5 Analysis of present IWRM practices - Brahmatwinn

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