WP 5 Analysis of present IWRM practices - Brahmatwinn

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are strongly regulated. On the Inn, for example, less than 20 % can still be classified as free-flowing which means not impounded or not strongly regulated (ICPCR 2004). Flood protection is based on three scopes: natural retention, structural flood protection and flood prevention. To realize this, in Bavaria a so called action plan 2020 for the Danube River Basin is made including 2.3 billion Euros. This action plan includes the restoring of floodplains as well as the reduction of sealing. Fig. 5: Effect of the Sylvenstein dam since 1959 (BAYERISCHES LANDESAMT FÜR WASSERWIRTSCHAFT 2004, modified). The technical flood protection also includes local embankments along the rivers. For sustainable flood protection more activities are required: the enlargement of the river bed, artificial flood plains or the use of mobile protection elements. Furthermore future building and construction projects should not be made within flood areas. 2.1.3 Risk of droughts According to the Joint Research Center of the European Commission there is no consistent European information on drought situations and their consequences, and no European coordination of alerts or mitigation activities. The reason for this is seen in the fact that droughts are developing very slowly ('creeping') and their beginning and end is difficult to define (EU JOINT RESEARCH CENTER 2007). Therefore the Joint Research Center (being actively involved in the work of the ICPDR) is developing a set of droughts indicators, incorporating the impact of water stress on the natural vegetation and on agriculture. The production of a soil moisture and plant water stress map (using the so called LISFLOOD model) is also included. The LISFLOOD model has been specifically developed to simulate floods in large European drainage basins taking into account the influences of land use, spatial variations of soil properties and spatial precipitation differences. The objective is to carry out a feasibility study on drought modeling for Europe, using a test region within the Danube catchment area as an example and draw recommendations for the future development of a European Drought Alert System. 9
2.1.4 Management in the Salzach basin Running through the densely populated, intensively used narrow valley in the middle course, the Salzach represents a common and permanent terrain of conflict between nature protection at the one side and agriculture, energy production and recreational activities on the other side. The river is prone to floods of various intensity (e.g. HQ-100 flooding in 2002) and therefore serves as an appropriate site to investigate vulnerability within a spatial context. The river discharges large parts of the Eastern Alps and 75% of the area of the federal state Salzburg. Along a distance of 60 km the Salzach presents in the north of Salzburg the border between Austria and Germany. The river passes along a gradient of 1 956 m. The average runoff, measured at the gauge close where the river finally joins the Inn River (344 m NN) amounts 250 m 3 /s. The runoff is significantly influenced by human changes. The river causes a likely flood risk as a result of high precipitation rates or melting water between May and August. This leads to catastrophes, because the natural flood plains are reorganized in regard to human needs, covered with buildings or touristic infrastructure. The latest diagnosed floods were seen in the years 2002 and 2005. During the century flood in August 2002 the runoff reaches 2 300 m 3 /s. This value was caused due to high precipitation and a high snowfall boarder over 3 000 m because of high summer temperature. An important measure for flood protection is given through a large number of established dams, regulating the discharge. Furthermore a special flood plain management is necessary, for example should the land use in possible flood plains be changed. In most cases it is reasonable to avoid intensive land use close to likely flood areas than building capital-intensive protection structures. Whereby at the gauging station in Salzburg the average ratio between mean water levels (period 1951-1994) and high waters (in 1959) is 1:12, the comparison between the lowest and the highest level in the same period clocks at 1:168. The wetland area of the Salzach subcatchment is 0.02% - the lowest of all subcatchments in the BRAHMATWINN project. 30% of that area is classified as lakes, 33% as alluvials and 22% as swamps (UNIVERSITY OF VIENNA 2008). In the area of south-east Bavaria the Salzach is marked by ongoing sole erosion because of the disturbance of bed load movement, which require countermeasures. Projects for the protection of the river, its environment and to avoid catastrophes are ongoing, e.g. river renaturation measures in Laufen. The Salzach River ecosystem is of European interest, as it was highlighted as part of the Natura 2000 network of nature protection areas in the European Union. The watercourse of the Salzach River is to a high degree straightened. First regulations were done already in the 19 th century. 10
Page 1 and 2: Project no: GOCE -036952 Project ac
Page 3 and 4: Summary The twinning Upper Danube R
Page 5 and 6: (approx. 55%) of the usable water r
Page 7 and 8: • In the UDRB substantial progres
Page 11 and 12: Directory of figures Fig. 1: Water
Page 13 and 14: In the Austrian part live aproximat
Page 15 and 16: 2.1 Public water supply The public
Page 17 and 18: amounts 90 Mio.m 3 (BUNDESMINISTERI
Page 19 and 20: • Transboundary conflicts and tre
Page 21 and 22: populated uplands and the densely p
Page 23 and 24: Tab. 4: Water resources and utiliza
Page 25 and 26: TAR has the lowest per capita indus
Page 27 and 28: Tab. 7: River water quality and was
Page 29 and 30: • Haihe River Water Resources Com
Page 31 and 32: area. The vibrant construction indu
Page 33 and 34: ) new settlements: where a rural wa
Page 35 and 36: Urbanization is also affecting the
Page 37 and 38: ) to enhance the reasonable sharing
Page 39 and 40: the lean flow of 304 cubic meters p
Page 41 and 42: IWMI (2005): Spatial Variation in W
Page 43 and 44: List of contributors Partner 1 FSU
Page 45 and 46: 1 Introduction IWRM in a trans-boun
Page 47 and 48: Danube region in comparison to the
Page 49: German Meteorological Service. The
Page 53 and 54: Fig. 9: Salzach former (above) and
Page 55 and 56: iverbed sinking. The sinking of the
Page 57 and 58: 3 Water distribution strategies and
Page 59 and 60: The drainage area of the Yarlung Ts
Page 61 and 62: the basin underlain by permafrost r
Page 63 and 64: Other strategies: remove masses of
Page 65 and 66: The few that have been recorded in
Page 67 and 68: and an increase in intense rainfall
Page 69 and 70: A practicable judicious combination
Page 71 and 72: arrangements existed prior to the e
Page 73 and 74: Discharge in m3/s 5000 4500 4000 35
Page 77 and 78: Directory of figures Fig. 1: Non po
Page 79 and 80: Waste water discharges back through
Page 81 and 82: In the table is shown that nitrogen
Page 83 and 84: ate alone controls how fast (or slo
Page 85 and 86: Population in millions 45 40 35 30
Page 87 and 88: Fig. 5: 1991 - 2080 Tehsil wise pop
Page 89 and 90: 3.2 Trends in Population Growth: Bh
Page 91 and 92: Tab. 6: Urban population projection
Page 93 and 94: Major water user in Bhutan is the p
Page 95 and 96: The Public Health Engineering Divis
Page 97 and 98: Percent 4 3,5 3 2,5 2 1,5 1 0,5 0 -
Page 99 and 100: Fig. 11: District population distri
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and approval. The statement assesse
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Project no: GOCE -036952 Project ac
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Directory of figures Fig. 1: Irriga
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Example of government aid for susta
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In Lhasa Gravity Irrigation is main
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36, Wuqi Duilongqu, the branch of L
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These problems have led to a very l
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The National Irrigation Policy was
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pesticides are effective when used
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• Region of Applicability of Resu
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up at Rs. 3.19 Crore for a target o
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References BAYRISCHER OBERSTER RECH
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List of contributors Partner 1 FSU
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In the middle of the river basins,
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to provide water to the urban area,
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References BAYERISCHES LANDESAMT F
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Content Introduction ..............
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echarge dynamics was chosen as the
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They are shown in Fig. 8.1 and 8.2
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Fig. 3: Average modeled water balan
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6 Conclusions for IWRM The applicat
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Krause, P., Bende-Michl, U., Bäse,
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B Surface runoff CLASS VALUE FROM V
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D Baseflow CLASS VALUE FROM VALUE T
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21% 9% 7% WRRU class distribution U
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WP 5 Analysis of present IWRM practices - Brahmatwinn

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