WP 5 Analysis of present IWRM practices - Brahmatwinn

More documents

Recommendations

Info

• A complex, and sometimes conflicting, legal framework exists within the UDRB at the regional level (EU and UN ECE), at the basin level (1994 Danube Convention), and at the national level (national water legislation); whereas in the UBRB regional, basin and national frameworks remain weak. • Moreover, the implementation of the WFD has resulted in the formulization of IWRM practices at the UDRB scale, while a similar legislation does not exist in the UBRB. • Trans-boundary conflicts in the UDRB are on the whole resolved through the regional and basin-wide legal framework, but in the geo-political sensitive UBRB there is still a long way to go before a similar situation can be recognized. • Socio-economic development is based on agriculture, industry, forestry, hydropower generation and tourism in the UDRB and mainly on agriculture, forestry, hydropower generation, and mining in the UBRB, and in the latter per capita income is very low if compared to the UDRB. • In relation to IWRM gender issues are of no importance in the UDRB but have to be considered in different degree in the UBRB. • Impacts of climate change to the natural environment common for both basins are likely to differ regarding the human dimension and socio-economic environment in the UDRB and UBRB. Water availability is influenced by natural and human influences. A summary of water related issues, e.g. water availability, water demand, climate conditions, population and land use in both basins and test sites is presented in the following chapters. Additionally water management and administration is described, which includes an illustration of responsible institutions and organizations as well as strategies and plans in respect to water resources management. The Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM) is an international accepted approach. IWRM is a balancing multi-sectoral process to make decisions for water resources management and related issues. IWRM is a flexible tool to manage the water resources sustainable to ensure water availability and to shelter the ecological function of water bodies. The main topic of IWRM is to manage the water resources in a way first to secure water availability in sufficient quantity and quality for the population and secondly to avoid hazards like floods and droughts. IWRM is characterized by a sustainable management of the resource water and has to consider all three pillars of a sustainable development which are the natural and the social environment as well as the economic dimension. The river basins are dominated by both human impacts and mountain related processes. The main threats are posed by unsustainable agricultural practices (strong imports of cattle feed and use of pesticide, overgrazing, erosion) and growth of settlements, that cause significant degradation of natural resources (groundwater, plants, soils). Climate change is expected to destabilize and alter the biological system mainly within the mountain regions. Tourism as one drive towards sustainable land use will be strongly and negatively affected. In fact, the fourth assessment report by the IPCC does support this claim, Climate change is also expected to have large impacts on catchment hydrology. Additionally the loss of glaciated areas is threatening both ecosystems and human activities. Climate change is also causing degradation of mountain forests and increasing avalanche danger. At the policy level, both river basins are trans-boundary basins. They require a management approach under involvement of all riparian states. The Upper Danube delivers a large portion 4
(approx. 55%) of the usable water resources of the downstream countries, namely Austria, Hungary, former Yugoslav countries, Romania, Bulgaria. Water use of downstream countries will change dynamically in the foreseeable future because of economic development through expected EU membership. Intensified collaboration and political and economic coordination with downstream countries (Austria, Hungary, Serbia, Romania, and Bulgaria) in the cause of the extension of the EU will therefore be needed. The upstream states in the Brahmaputra basin, namely China, Nepal and Bhutan have to threat the water in a way that downstream countries India and Bangladesh can meet there water needs. In regard to the above mentioned aspects it is obviously that the water resources were limited in quantity and quality due to environmental hazards, climate change and human activities. The first priority for water consumption is the satisfaction of basic human needs. An Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM) is necessary for gratifying all human and ecological needs of water on the best way as possible. The UDRB is strongly influenced by human activities. Formerly it was characterized by extensive floodplains with side arms and backwaters, which were now altered into canalized and straightened waterways. On the Inn, for example, less than 20 % can still be classified as free-flowing which means not impounded or not strongly regulated. The Upper Danube is interrupted every 16 km on average by a dam or impoundment. Very few stretches can still be characterized as free-flowing. The human influence on river systems will become more obviously in the description of the test sites in the next chapters. The UBRB is not strongly regulated; there exist a few river embankments as protections for erosion and some hydropower facilities. But the river stream is not modified. Especially in the lower part in Assam the river is characterized by wide spread channels which are continuously changing their flows because of erosion and sedimentation. But this issue poses great danger for the human dimension. IWRM in the European River basins is based on the implementation of the EU water framework directive adopted in 2000. The Commission had already been considering the need for a more global approach to water policy, because the situation in the water sector was fragmented. The need for a single piece of framework legislation to resolve this problem was necessary. Following most important issues of this WFD were mentioned. The river basin was declared as the management unit. For each river basin a "river basin management plan" is needed to be established and updated every six years. In this plan objectives were set for the river basin, which have to be reached within a given timeframe. The plan has further to include reasons for not achieving objectives where relevant; and the program of actions required to meet the objectives. The directive commits EU member states to achieve good status of all water bodies in respect to quantity and quality issues by 2015 (EC 2009). In the Danube basin clear programs exists based on the WFD. The ICPDR does much effort to implement the WFD in the Danube basin. In the Brahmaputra River basin is no similarly organization. Regulations and laws account only on national level and there are only some bilateral agreements. A superior authority like the ICPDR would lead to an improvement of water management. But because of political conflicts between states in South-Asia, e.g. between Tibet and India it will be difficult to build up such an organization. 5
Page 1 and 2: Project no: GOCE -036952 Project ac
Page 3: Summary The twinning Upper Danube R
Page 7 and 8: • In the UDRB substantial progres
Page 9 and 10: Project no: GOCE -036952 Project ac
Page 11 and 12: Directory of figures Fig. 1: Water
Page 13 and 14: In the Austrian part live aproximat
Page 15 and 16: 2.1 Public water supply The public
Page 17 and 18: amounts 90 Mio.m 3 (BUNDESMINISTERI
Page 19 and 20: • Transboundary conflicts and tre
Page 21 and 22: populated uplands and the densely p
Page 23 and 24: Tab. 4: Water resources and utiliza
Page 25 and 26: TAR has the lowest per capita indus
Page 27 and 28: Tab. 7: River water quality and was
Page 29 and 30: • Haihe River Water Resources Com
Page 31 and 32: area. The vibrant construction indu
Page 33 and 34: ) new settlements: where a rural wa
Page 35 and 36: Urbanization is also affecting the
Page 37 and 38: ) to enhance the reasonable sharing
Page 39 and 40: the lean flow of 304 cubic meters p
Page 41 and 42: IWMI (2005): Spatial Variation in W
Page 43 and 44: List of contributors Partner 1 FSU
Page 45 and 46: 1 Introduction IWRM in a trans-boun
Page 47 and 48: Danube region in comparison to the
Page 49 and 50: German Meteorological Service. The
Page 51 and 52: 2.1.4 Management in the Salzach bas
Page 53 and 54: Fig. 9: Salzach former (above) and
Page 55 and 56:
iverbed sinking. The sinking of the
Page 57 and 58:
3 Water distribution strategies and
Page 59 and 60:
The drainage area of the Yarlung Ts
Page 61 and 62:
the basin underlain by permafrost r
Page 63 and 64:
Other strategies: remove masses of
Page 65 and 66:
The few that have been recorded in
Page 67 and 68:
and an increase in intense rainfall
Page 69 and 70:
A practicable judicious combination
Page 71 and 72:
arrangements existed prior to the e
Page 73 and 74:
Discharge in m3/s 5000 4500 4000 35
Page 75 and 76:
Project no: GOCE -036952 Project ac
Page 77 and 78:
Directory of figures Fig. 1: Non po
Page 79 and 80:
Waste water discharges back through
Page 81 and 82:
In the table is shown that nitrogen
Page 83 and 84:
ate alone controls how fast (or slo
Page 85 and 86:
Population in millions 45 40 35 30
Page 87 and 88:
Fig. 5: 1991 - 2080 Tehsil wise pop
Page 89 and 90:
3.2 Trends in Population Growth: Bh
Page 91 and 92:
Tab. 6: Urban population projection
Page 93 and 94:
Major water user in Bhutan is the p
Page 95 and 96:
The Public Health Engineering Divis
Page 97 and 98:
Percent 4 3,5 3 2,5 2 1,5 1 0,5 0 -
Page 99 and 100:
Fig. 11: District population distri
Page 101 and 102:
and approval. The statement assesse
Page 103 and 104:
Project no: GOCE -036952 Project ac
Page 105 and 106:
Directory of figures Fig. 1: Irriga
Page 107 and 108:
Example of government aid for susta
Page 109 and 110:
In Lhasa Gravity Irrigation is main
Page 111 and 112:
36, Wuqi Duilongqu, the branch of L
Page 113 and 114:
These problems have led to a very l
Page 115 and 116:
The National Irrigation Policy was
Page 117 and 118:
pesticides are effective when used
Page 119 and 120:
• Region of Applicability of Resu
Page 121 and 122:
up at Rs. 3.19 Crore for a target o
Page 123 and 124:
References BAYRISCHER OBERSTER RECH
Page 125 and 126:
List of contributors Partner 1 FSU
Page 127 and 128:
In the middle of the river basins,
Page 129 and 130:
to provide water to the urban area,
Page 131 and 132:
References BAYERISCHES LANDESAMT F
Page 133 and 134:
Content Introduction ..............
Page 135 and 136:
echarge dynamics was chosen as the
Page 137 and 138:
They are shown in Fig. 8.1 and 8.2
Page 139 and 140:
Fig. 3: Average modeled water balan
Page 141 and 142:
6 Conclusions for IWRM The applicat
Page 143 and 144:
Krause, P., Bende-Michl, U., Bäse,
Page 145 and 146:
B Surface runoff CLASS VALUE FROM V
Page 147 and 148:
D Baseflow CLASS VALUE FROM VALUE T
Page 149:
21% 9% 7% WRRU class distribution U
show all

WP 5 Analysis of present IWRM practices - Brahmatwinn

You also want an ePaper? Increase the reach of your titles

Delete template?

Save as template?