WP 5 Analysis of present IWRM practices - Brahmatwinn

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source within their premises in Assam, as many as 3,44,992 households draw water from tanks, ponds and lakes; 2,56,813 households from rivers and streams; 67,154 from springs and 49,631 households from ‘any other’ sources (RGVN 2008). Millions of people in the country suffer from water-borne diseases on account of lack of access to safe drinking water. It is the poor who suffer most because in most cases, water-borne diseases originate in and enter the human body through unsafe water. Besides, in most of the State the groundwater has high iron content and high fluoride content. In recent decades the problem of arsenic in groundwater has affected many areas of the region. As groundwater constitutes a major part of the drinking water supply, this problem requires urgent attention from the concerned authorities. The issue of water quality has gained nation-wide importance during the last decade and a national authority, the Water Quality Assessment Authority, has been constituted by the Government of India, chaired by the Secretary, Ministry of Environment and Forests. The Water Quality Assessment Authority has constituted state-level water quality review committees chaired by the secretaries or commissioners of the concerned state departments. Tab. 8: Total gross and net water demands by 2050 in Assam Sector Gross demand (bcm) a Consumption Net demand (%) (bcm) a Domestic water supply Rural, domestic 2.920 - - Rural. Livestock 0.694 - - Total rural 3.614 50 1.807 Urban 1.533 30 0.459 Subtotal domestic(1) 5.147 - 2.266 Industrial(2) 5.147 20 1.060 Agricultural water supply - - - Surface water 35.200 44 15.500 Irrigation - - - Groundwater 16.900 50 8.500 Subtotal agriculture(3) 52.100 - 24.300 Total (1+2+3) 62.394 27.630 bcm = billion cubic meters (MOHILE 2001). A gross demand of 62.4 billion cubic meters and a net demand of 27.6 billion cubic meters have been projected by 2050 for meeting domestic, industrial, livestock, and agricultural requirements in north east India (table). The dependable flow of the Brahmaputra and Barak in the lean flow period is estimated to be in the order of 3,000 cubic meters per second and 45 cubic meters per second respectively at their exit points. The total groundwater potential of the two sub basins, at about 31 billion cubic meters per year, can support, for 240 days per year, a draft of about 1,500 cubic meters per second. From a simple hydrological point of view, the groundwater draft may in the long run lead to more reduction in surface flows. But together, from both sources, about 3,000 cubic meters per second of water is available (MOHILE 2001). The net withdrawal from the 11 system, including groundwater, would be in the order of 239 cubic meters per second in February, which is lower than 30
the lean flow of 304 cubic meters per second. It is suggested therefore that the low lean flow may be sufficient to meet demand, subject to satisfying any environmental flow requirement. 4 Comparative analyses As studies have shown the implementation of an Integrated Water Resources Management is in good progress in the states of the Upper Danube River Basin. Each nationality follows plans and strategies which are aimed to follow the EU water framework directive. Additionally is a superior authority established, the ICPDR, which has monitoring tasks and facilitates communication between riparian states and gives recommendations for successful water management. The Danube water is managed in a way that downstream countries have access to fresh water in sufficient quantity and quality and that they have not to fear water scarcity. Following likely climate change trends water availability will decrease in both alpine mountain systems, in the Alps and in the Himalayan region. For the Alps this means to continue with water management and estimate future water availability and to work on risk assessment and risk management. In the Himalayan region water management activities are planned and implemented only at national level. A superior authority like a river basin organization is missing in the area. Also the communication between riparian states is not best possible. There is high conflict potential between states and each country has own water management or water resources development plans whereby riparian states were not included. In some cases these plans will have grave impacts on water availability in flanking countries and are following not practicable. The climate in the Himalayan region is highly variable. Most of the annual rainfall occurs in the 3 months between July and September when Monsoon conditions dominate. These climate conditions lead to floods in summer months and to droughts in winter. Major water user in the area is the irrigation sector which uses 80 % of the available fresh water. Nevertheless irrigation systems are mostly inefficiently and most of the water gets lost due to evaporation and infiltration processes. Strategies should first concentrate on an improvement of irrigation measures and management. Industrial and domestic water uses reach only each 10 % of water used. In this respect we can mention that the water supply situation is not well developed as it is the case in the Upper Danube River basin. Many people are not connected to a public water supply or canalization system. They have to bring water along large distances and people are busy with bringing canisters full of water for their families over hours. Water which is easy accessible for them is in most cases contaminated. Lots of people in the Indian state Assam die each year as a consequence of contaminated drinking water. In the German Danube River basin most water for industrial water use and public water supply is extracted by groundwater bodies and to a small part of spring water, only 5 % are extracted from surface water. In Austria there is an extraction of fresh water to similar parts from spring- and ground water resources, while only 1 % is extracted from surface water bodies. 31
Page 1 and 2: Project no: GOCE -036952 Project ac
Page 3 and 4: Summary The twinning Upper Danube R
Page 5 and 6: (approx. 55%) of the usable water r
Page 7 and 8: • In the UDRB substantial progres
Page 11 and 12: Directory of figures Fig. 1: Water
Page 13 and 14: In the Austrian part live aproximat
Page 15 and 16: 2.1 Public water supply The public
Page 17 and 18: amounts 90 Mio.m 3 (BUNDESMINISTERI
Page 19 and 20: • Transboundary conflicts and tre
Page 21 and 22: populated uplands and the densely p
Page 23 and 24: Tab. 4: Water resources and utiliza
Page 25 and 26: TAR has the lowest per capita indus
Page 27 and 28: Tab. 7: River water quality and was
Page 29 and 30: • Haihe River Water Resources Com
Page 31 and 32: area. The vibrant construction indu
Page 33 and 34: ) new settlements: where a rural wa
Page 35 and 36: Urbanization is also affecting the
Page 37: ) to enhance the reasonable sharing
Page 41 and 42: IWMI (2005): Spatial Variation in W
Page 43 and 44: List of contributors Partner 1 FSU
Page 45 and 46: 1 Introduction IWRM in a trans-boun
Page 47 and 48: Danube region in comparison to the
Page 49 and 50: German Meteorological Service. The
Page 51 and 52: 2.1.4 Management in the Salzach bas
Page 53 and 54: Fig. 9: Salzach former (above) and
Page 55 and 56: iverbed sinking. The sinking of the
Page 57 and 58: 3 Water distribution strategies and
Page 59 and 60: The drainage area of the Yarlung Ts
Page 61 and 62: the basin underlain by permafrost r
Page 63 and 64: Other strategies: remove masses of
Page 65 and 66: The few that have been recorded in
Page 67 and 68: and an increase in intense rainfall
Page 69 and 70: A practicable judicious combination
Page 71 and 72: arrangements existed prior to the e
Page 73 and 74: Discharge in m3/s 5000 4500 4000 35
Page 77 and 78: Directory of figures Fig. 1: Non po
Page 79 and 80: Waste water discharges back through
Page 81 and 82: In the table is shown that nitrogen
Page 83 and 84: ate alone controls how fast (or slo
Page 85 and 86: Population in millions 45 40 35 30
Page 87 and 88: Fig. 5: 1991 - 2080 Tehsil wise pop
Page 89 and 90:
3.2 Trends in Population Growth: Bh
Page 91 and 92:
Tab. 6: Urban population projection
Page 93 and 94:
Major water user in Bhutan is the p
Page 95 and 96:
The Public Health Engineering Divis
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Percent 4 3,5 3 2,5 2 1,5 1 0,5 0 -
Page 99 and 100:
Fig. 11: District population distri
Page 101 and 102:
and approval. The statement assesse
Page 103 and 104:
Project no: GOCE -036952 Project ac
Page 105 and 106:
Directory of figures Fig. 1: Irriga
Page 107 and 108:
Example of government aid for susta
Page 109 and 110:
In Lhasa Gravity Irrigation is main
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36, Wuqi Duilongqu, the branch of L
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These problems have led to a very l
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The National Irrigation Policy was
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pesticides are effective when used
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• Region of Applicability of Resu
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up at Rs. 3.19 Crore for a target o
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References BAYRISCHER OBERSTER RECH
Page 125 and 126:
List of contributors Partner 1 FSU
Page 127 and 128:
In the middle of the river basins,
Page 129 and 130:
to provide water to the urban area,
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References BAYERISCHES LANDESAMT F
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Content Introduction ..............
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echarge dynamics was chosen as the
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They are shown in Fig. 8.1 and 8.2
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Fig. 3: Average modeled water balan
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6 Conclusions for IWRM The applicat
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Krause, P., Bende-Michl, U., Bäse,
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B Surface runoff CLASS VALUE FROM V
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D Baseflow CLASS VALUE FROM VALUE T
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21% 9% 7% WRRU class distribution U
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WP 5 Analysis of present IWRM practices - Brahmatwinn

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