A Grammar of Mishnaic Hebrew

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INTRODUCTION 5 even in the middle of an Aram, conversation (cf. e.g. BQ 60b; Ta a. 5 b); and prayer (cf. B«r. 17 a, 55 b, 60 a, b ; Ket. 8 b). The frame-work of the Talmuds is in Aram. So also the discussions about the Halaka, and the ordinary conversations of the Amoraim are in Aram. Tales and traditions about the Tannaim and past ages in general, are usually in MH, sometimes interspersed with later Aram, additions (cf. e.g. B^r. 27 b ; BM 59b, &c.). 6. The differences between BH and MH are obvious and striking. They extend to grammar, vocabulary, and general style of expression. Some grammatical forms which are common in BH either have become rare, or have disappeared altogether in MH. Again, certain forms which are rare in BH have become the normal type in MH. Then as to vocabulary, we meet in MH large numbers of words which are rare or unknown in BH, but are common in Aram. Again, many words that are common in BH are absent in MH. Many BH words are used in MH in a changed connotation, usually as in Aram. Moreover, MH contains a large number of technical words and phrases which are unknown in BH. It has also borrowed a large number of names of objects from the Greek and Latin, which further help to detract from its Hebraic character. Finally, the diction of MH is quite unlike the ordinary BH style. Many familiar BH constructions are entirely absent in MH, whilst new constructions and usages have arisen in MH which are often similar to those known in Aram, or identical with them. e. The similarities between MH and Aram., combined with the fact that MH has come down to us in works produced by the schools of the learned at a time when Aram, was used as a common vernacular among the Jews, have led many scholars to also in the earlier Aggadic Midrashim. Cf., for example, the use of MH and Aram, in halaka in the first pages of BM, and in Aggada in the first pages of B«r.
6 MISNAIC HEBREW the view that MH was merely a Hebraized Aram., artificially created by the Schoolmen, like the Latin of the Middle Ages, and that it never had an independent existence as a natural medium of ordinary speech in the daily life of the Jews. This view rests, however, on a misconception of the whole character of MH. Far from being an artificial scholastic jargon, MH is essentially a popular and colloquial dialect. Its extensive literature does not consist of books composed by literary men in their study. It is rather a record of sayings, oral teaching, and discussions of men of the people on a variety of subjects, embracing, practically, all the manifold activities in the daily life of an organized civilized society. Its vocabulary and its grammar both bear the stamp of colloquial usage and popular development. Apart from the technical phraseology of the specialized halaka, not a single trace can be discovered in it of that artificiality with which it has been credited. 7. As to the alleged dependence of MH on Aram., a careful examination of the grammar and vocabulary of MH as presented in the following pages will show that, while Aram, has undoubtedly influenced MH in many directions, it would be an exaggeration to describe this influence as a dependence of MH on Aram. In its morphology, MH is absolutely independent of Aram., and largely also in its syntax. In its main characteristics, the grammar of MH is practically identical with the grammar of BH. Where it differs from BH grammar, the genesis of the difference can generally be traced back to an older stage in the language, out of which the new forms developed in a natural way. Forms that deviate from the regular type of BH are usually found in BH in isolated cases as grammatical irregularities. It is nearly always possible to trace the connexion of a MH form with a BH proto type, at least in later BH literature. If such forms in MH and late BH happen also to be found in Aram., they are usually also found in other Semitic languages, especially in a late stage of
Page 1 and 2: M. H. SEGAL A Grammar of Mishnaic H
Page 4 and 5: A GRAMMAR OF MISHNAIC HEBREW BY M.
Page 6 and 7: PREFACE 'THHIS little book has been
Page 8: PREFACE vii errors, it will be due
Page 11 and 12: X CONTENTS PART I PHONOLOGY AND ORT
Page 13 and 14: SECT. 9. 61. Metathesis 62. Aphaere
Page 15 and 16: xiv CONTENTS SECT. PAGE 93. Old Hb
Page 17 and 18: SECT. ^35- (») First radical a den
Page 19 and 20: xviii CONTENTS (6) VERBS y^y. SECT.
Page 21 and 22: XX CONTENTS SECT. PAGE 241. QittHl,
Page 23 and 24: xxii CONTENTS SECT. PAGE 289. Fem.
Page 25 and 26: xxiv CONTENTS SECT. PAGE 324. Of th
Page 27 and 28: xxvi CONTENTS SECT. PAGE 362. Useof
Page 29 and 30: xxviii CONTENTS SECT. PAGE 398. (2)
Page 31 and 32: XXX CONTENTS IV. SENTENCES AND CLAU
Page 33 and 34: xxxii CONTENTS SECT. PAGE 479. Co-o
Page 35 and 36: xxxiv CONTENTS 16. Final Clauses. S
Page 37 and 38: XXXVl Seq. Ta'a. Tam. Tern. Ter. To
Page 39 and 40: LITERATURE A. Geiger, Lehr- u, Lese
Page 41 and 42: xl ADDENDA Sect. 187. Cf. Earth's n
Page 44 and 45: I N T R O D U C T I O N 1. THE Hebr
Page 46 and 47: INTRODUCTION 3 Either the Holy tong
Page 50 and 51: INTRODUCTION 7 development. They ar
Page 52 and 53: INTRODUCTION 9 both the elements of
Page 54 and 55: INTRODUCTION ii establishes the imp
Page 56 and 57: INTRODUCTION 13 ^^Hi pab?^ 5; n>}«
Page 58 and 59: INTRODUCTION 15 the reign of Herod.
Page 60 and 61: INTRODUCTION 17 Jews, or that the c
Page 62 and 63: INTRODUCTION 19 character, and from
Page 64 and 65: PART I PHONOLOGY AND ORTHOGRAPHY I.
Page 66 and 67: PRONUNCIATION 33 (3) Information in
Page 68 and 69: THE VOWELS 25 2. The Spelling, of V
Page 70 and 71: THE CONSONANTS 27 nounced with K or
Page 72 and 73: THE CONSONANTS 29 2. The Palatals 3
Page 74 and 75: THE CONSONANTS 31 KvjScta, San. iii
Page 76 and 77: THE CONSONANTS 33 V represents some
Page 78 and 79: THE CONSONANTS 35 arjp, Sab. xi. 3.
Page 80 and 81: THE CONSONANTS 37 xxiii. 5 = ; ^"'
Page 82 and 83: PART II M O R P H O L O G Y I. THE
Page 84 and 85: PERSONAL PRONOUNS 41 71. The Pronom
Page 86 and 87: RELATIVE PRONOUNS 43 section of the
Page 88 and 89: INTERROGATIVE PRONOUNS 45 consider
Page 90 and 91: THE VERB 47 ni^n, nnn, inn, nar, î
Page 92 and 93: THE VERB 49 supposed. It may safely
Page 94 and 95: THE VERB 51 96. (7) Verbs borrowed
Page 96 and 97: THE VERB 53 b2p, nnp, Dnp, 5np, bbp
Page 98 and 99:
THE VERB 55 Niph'al: ina, B^m, Âi,
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THE VERB 57 niD, pbo, psD, ntsy, Dv
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VERBAL STEMS 59 in the formation of
Page 104 and 105:
VERBAL STEMS 6i 124. (ii) Causative
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VERBAL STEMS 63 i. i; nan^ytp mixed
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VERBAL STEMS 65 a-linn he * donated
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VERBAL STEMS 67 140. (v) Finally, t
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VERBAL STEMS 69 to become old, rott
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THE TENSES li thou hast fulfilled,
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THE TENSES 73 157. As is well known
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WEAK VERBS 75 (2) VERBS ^''a. 163.
Page 120 and 121:
WEAK VERBS 77 Ter. V. 9; ^?n?1« (c
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WEAK VERBS 79 171. (ii) Niph'al. Pe
Page 124 and 125:
WEAK VERBS 8i K«t. 67 b; i^Bl? to
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WEAK VERBS 83 V. 3; r)ST)^)iO with
Page 128 and 129:
WEAK VERBS 85 Yo. i. 7; Sebu. iii.
Page 130 and 131:
WEAK VERBS 87 to shake, t. Hul. ii.
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WEAK VERBS 89 196. HipKil : "^BH N^
Page 134 and 135:
The imperf. as in BH. WEAK VERBS 91
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WEAK VERBS 93 presence, *Er. vii. 1
Page 138 and 139:
WEAK VERBS 95 7 a; j. MQ iii. 5; to
Page 140 and 141:
WEAK VERBS 97 to steal; ^nsn NeJ. i
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THE NOUN 99 also found in BH. A num
Page 144 and 145:
FORMATION OF NOUNS io[ antelope, Bi
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FORMATION OF NOUNS 103 derived from
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FORMATION OF NOUNS 105 subtle, So.
Page 150 and 151:
FORMATION OF NOUNS 107 ments : "^^P
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FORMATION OF NOUNS 109 physical def
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FORMATION OF NOUNS in The other exa
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FORMATION OF NOUNS 113 thinking. Ab
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FORMATION OF NOUNS 115 doing good,
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FORMATION OF NOUNS ,17 spelt with 1
Page 162 and 163:
FORMATION OF NOUNS 119 {5) Nouns fo
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FORMATION OF NOUNS 121 n-'ob^n^ Jer
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FORMATION OF NOUNS 123 (îel\ "»^'
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FORMATION OF FEMININE NOUNS 125 3.
Page 170 and 171:
FORMATION OF PLURAL NOUNS 127 is al
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FORMATION OF PLURAL NOUNS 129 middl
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FORMATION OF PLURAL NOUNS 131 gener
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FORMATION OF PLURAL NOUNS 133 more
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ADVERBS 135 Borrowings from Aram, a
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ADVERBS 137 T, with the preposition
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ADVERBS 139 could say (of an anthro
Page 184 and 185:
ADVERBS 141 p;n^D (' chequer work')
Page 186 and 187:
PREPOSITIONS 143 privately, 'AZ ii.
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PREPOSITIONS 145 Dgto in the name o
Page 190 and 191:
CONJUNCTIONS 147 f, &c.); (t -^f^,
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INTERJECTIONS 149 305. (2) Words an
Page 194 and 195:
THE PERFECT TENSE 151 ••rDtt fT
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THE PERFECT TENSE 153 312. Sometime
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THE IMPERFECT TENSE 155 819. The im
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THE PARTICIPLE 157 if not, scholars
Page 202 and 203:
THE PARTICIPLE 159 ib. 3 b; 0^9 nN^
Page 204 and 205:
THE PARTICIPLE i6i The following is
Page 206 and 207:
THE PARTICIPLE 163 neither do they
Page 208 and 209:
THE PARTICIPLE 165 past: Judges i.
Page 210 and 211:
THE INFINITIVE 167 (as impure), ib.
Page 212 and 213:
GOVERNMENT OF THE VERB 169 364. The
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GOVERNMENT OF THE VERB 171 (2) Subo
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GOVERNMENT OF THE VERB 173 (ii) To
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GOVERNMENT OF THE VERB 175 to his h
Page 220 and 221:
GOVERNMENT OF THE VERR 177 wards, Y
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DETERMINATION OF GENDER 179 369. Th
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USE OF THE ARTICLE i8i (iii) With t
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USE OF THE ARTICLE 183 (iii) With s
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EXPRESSION OF THE GENITIVE 185 The
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EXPRESSION OF THE GENITIVE 187 (i)
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EXPRESSION OF THE GENITIVE 189 ilâ
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EXPRESSION OF THE GENITIVE 191 rect
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COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES 193 found
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NUMERALS 195 state to the noun. The
Page 240 and 241:
NUMERALS 197 §eq. i. I, 2 ; B^Vn?
Page 242 and 243:
PERSONAL PRONOUNS 199 a field ? 'Er
Page 244 and 245:
POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS 201 by a relati
Page 246 and 247:
INTERROGATIVE PRONOUN 203 4. The In
Page 248 and 249:
RELATIVE PRONOUN 205 apparent in ca
Page 250 and 251:
REFLEXIVE AND RECIPROCAL 207 Nomin.
Page 252 and 253:
EXPRESSION OF THE INDEFINITE 209 he
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EXPRESSION OF THE INDEFINITE 211 on
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NOMINATIVE ABSOLUTE 213 eat of grap
Page 258 and 259:
AGREEMENT 215 (Nirten viz.) nb N©p
Page 260 and 261:
SENTENCES EXPRESSING AN OATH 217 §
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SENTENCES EXPRESSING AN OATH 219 ii
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INTERROGATIVE SENTENCES 221 they no
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DESIDERATIVE SENTENCES 223 sense. I
Page 268 and 269:
NEGATIVE SENTENCES 225 but cf. the
Page 270 and 271:
CAUSAL CLAUSES 227 shape of a viney
Page 272 and 273:
CONDITIONAL SENTENCES 229 in the pr
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CONDITIONAL SENTENCES 231 chastity,
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COMPARATIVE CLAUSES 333 496. A comp
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COMPARATIVE CLAUSES 235 Mak. iii. 1
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ADVERSATIVE CLAUSES 237 case in opp
Page 282 and 283:
ADVERSATIVE CLAUSES 239 nînab VP^V
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TEMPORAL CLAUSES 241 reached . . .
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CONSECUTIVE CLAUSES 243 n^jn n^y ho
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DEUTERONOMY IX. 7 32 34 XI. 5 XUl.
Page 290 and 291:
ESTHER. i. 22 ii. 7 15 18 23 iii. 1
Page 292:
This little book has been written w
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A Grammar of Mishnaic Hebrew

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