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Table 5.3: Count of Individuals by Burial Position and Sex .................................226 Table 5.4: Count of Individuals by Burial Position and Age ................................227 Table 5.5: Count of Individuals by Cranial Orientation and Sex........................228 Table 5.6: Count of Individuals by Cranial Orientation and Age .......................229 Table 5.7: Count of Artifacts by Material Type and Sex of Individual .............230 Table 5.8: Count of Artifacts by Material Type and Age of Individual ............231 Table 5.9: Count of Artifacts by Material Type, Form Type and Sex of Individual ..............................................................................................................................232 Table 5.10: Count of Artifacts by Material Type, Form Type and Age of Individual ..............................................................................................................................233 Table 5.11: Interments with Artifacts of Varying Functions...............................234 Table 5.12: Interments with Artifacts of Varying Functions by Sex of the Individual.........................................................................................................235 Table 5.13: Interments with Artifacts of Varying Functions by Age of the Individual.........................................................................................................236 Table 5.14: Numbers of Artifacts of Varying Functions within Interments by Material Type and Form Type.................................................................237 Table 5.15: Number of Interments with Head Cover over the Cranium of the Decedent...........................................................................................................238 Table 5.16: Number of Interments with Head Cover over the Cranium of the Decedent by Sex of the Individual.........................................................239 Table 5.17: Number of Interments with Head Cover over the Cranium of the Decedent by Age of the Individual ........................................................239 Table 5.18: Number of Head Cover Vessels by Material Type, Form Type and Subform Type.................................................................................................240 xxviii
Table 5.19: Interments Exhibiting Evidence of Burning.......................................241 Table 5.20: Interments Exhibiting Evidence of Burning by Sex of the Individual ..............................................................................................................................241 Table 5.21: Interments Exhibiting Evidence of Burning by Age of the Individual ..............................................................................................................................241 Table 5.22: Total Number of Burned Artifacts by Material Type and Form Type ..............................................................................................................................242 Table 5.23: Interments Exhibiting Evidence of Red Mineral Pigmentation .243 Table 5.24: Interments Exhibiting Evidence of Red Mineral Pigmentation by Sex of the Individual ............................................................................................243 Table 5.25: Interments Exhibiting Evidence of Red Mineral Pigmentation by Age of the Individual ............................................................................................243 Table 5.26: Total Number of Pigmented Artifacts by Material Type, Form Type, and Subform Type........................................................................................244 Table 5.27: Count of Interments within Varying Architecture Space Functions245 Table 5.28: Count of Interments within Varying Architecture Space Functions by Sex of Individual............................................................................................246 Table 5.29: Count of Interments within Varying Architecture Space Functions by Late Preclassic Age of Individual...........................................................................................247 Table 6.1: Count of Individuals by Sex..........................................................................377 Table 6.2: Count of Individuals by Age .........................................................................377 Table 6.3: Count of Individuals by Burial Position and Sex .................................378 Table 6.4: Count of Individuals by Burial Position and Age ................................379 xxix
Page 1 and 2: Copyright by Micaela Nerio Obledo 2
Page 3 and 4: PRECLASSIC MAYA FUNERARY PATTERNS I
Page 5 and 6: Acknowledgements This dissertation
Page 7 and 8: Aunjuneé Saldivar is one of my old
Page 9 and 10: PRECLASSIC MAYA FUNERARY PATTERNS I
Page 11 and 12: Table of Contents List of Tables ..
Page 13 and 14: Methodology and Research Questions.
Page 15 and 16: INTERMENTS WITH ARTIFACTS OF VARYIN
Page 17 and 18: Cuello.............................
Page 19 and 20: Cuello.............................
Page 21 and 22: K’axob...........................
Page 23 and 24: Colha .............................
Page 25 and 26: Colha .............................
Page 27: Methodology List of Tables Table 4.
Page 31 and 32: Table 6.20: Interments with a Cross
Page 33 and 34: Table 7.17: Number of Interments wi
Page 35 and 36: Table 8.13: Interments with Artifac
Page 37 and 38: Figure 7.6: Terminal Preclassic ear
Page 39 and 40: CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION This disser
Page 41 and 42: Both local and exotic materials as
Page 43 and 44: This will be accomplished through t
Page 45 and 46: endless possible permutations of th
Page 47 and 48: CHAPTER 2: ENVIRONMENTAL SETTING An
Page 49 and 50: ecome crested by thick deposits of
Page 51 and 52: northern area. The central lowlands
Page 53 and 54: anks of its rivers. The principal d
Page 55 and 56: Within the central lowlands exists
Page 57 and 58: transition from tall dense forests
Page 59 and 60: peninsula. Nodules as large as one
Page 61 and 62: CHAPTER 3: PREVIOUS ARCHAEOLOGICAL
Page 63 and 64: Figure 3.1: Site map of Colha (adap
Page 65 and 66: esult of the first season’s effor
Page 67 and 68: The 1983 season focused on gaining
Page 69 and 70: Middle Preclassic 900 B.C. - 400 B.
Page 71 and 72: manufacture exists in the form of b
Page 73 and 74: produced at Colha. Obsidian is foun
Page 75 and 76: 2012. As Potter (1994) indicates, t
Page 77 and 78: Figure 3.3: Site map of Cuello (ada
Page 79 and 80:
final construction phase dating to
Page 81 and 82:
work. Wilk and Wilhite (1991: 237)
Page 83 and 84:
suggest that kin groups established
Page 85 and 86:
Figure 3.4: Site map of K’axob (a
Page 87 and 88:
Facet K’atabche’k’ax [Late Pr
Page 89 and 90:
placed to embed the significance of
Page 91 and 92:
CHAPTER 4: RESEARCH STRUCTURE: METH
Page 93 and 94:
Table 4.2: Colha Age Categories (af
Page 95 and 96:
Table 4.5: Age Categories of the Pr
Page 97 and 98:
Table 4.6: Grave Good Material Cate
Page 99 and 100:
Table 4.7, continued BEAD CELT CORE
Page 101 and 102:
Table 4.7, continued FAN HANDLE FIG
Page 103 and 104:
list and brief explanation of the f
Page 105 and 106:
Table 4.8, continued Hematite (Grou
Page 107 and 108:
Table 4.8, continued UNMODIFIED BON
Page 109 and 110:
Table 4.8, continued UNMODIFIED SHE
Page 111 and 112:
Buttles (2002 citing Hayden 1998: 1
Page 113 and 114:
Those animals that have been classi
Page 115 and 116:
is assigned. If no evidence of pigm
Page 117 and 118:
The Humboldt Celt, on which the abo
Page 119 and 120:
Cuello Table 4.10: Cuello Architect
Page 121 and 122:
Colha Table 4.13: Colha Architectur
Page 123 and 124:
Locational Details: All interment l
Page 125 and 126:
artifact characteristic and how man
Page 127 and 128:
QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS [Provides inf
Page 129 and 130:
In line with the approach taken by
Page 131 and 132:
together via displays of success”
Page 133 and 134:
as the “principle of first occupa
Page 135 and 136:
these interments were placed in an
Page 137 and 138:
devoted to an interpretation of the
Page 139 and 140:
As will be discussed more fully in
Page 141 and 142:
sexed males and females from Colha,
Page 143 and 144:
and possible males round out the la
Page 145 and 146:
CUELLO At Cuello, a total of 20 ind
Page 147 and 148:
often. No males were found in disar
Page 149 and 150:
CUELLO At Cuello during the Middle
Page 151 and 152:
COLHA At Colha during the Middle Pr
Page 153 and 154:
individuals did not have any crania
Page 155 and 156:
K’AXOB One third of interments at
Page 157 and 158:
interments without goods each accou
Page 159 and 160:
materials, including prestige mater
Page 161 and 162:
Scholars such as Adams (1991), Hamm
Page 163 and 164:
with no grave goods at all almost a
Page 165 and 166:
Frequency Table (% of Row) Based on
Page 167 and 168:
Figure 5.1: Disk shell beads recove
Page 169 and 170:
1992; Dreiss 1982, 1994; Feldman 19
Page 171 and 172:
to indeterminates, with the remaind
Page 173 and 174:
economic or ideological worth at Co
Page 175 and 176:
They are, however, accompanied by g
Page 177 and 178:
Both jade and other varieties of gr
Page 179 and 180:
adornment in female graves may indi
Page 181 and 182:
included at the site at this time.
Page 183 and 184:
16.67% of interments. Chalcedony, n
Page 185 and 186:
class and its derivative products,
Page 187 and 188:
were not afforded the social privil
Page 189 and 190:
except for items manufactured from
Page 191 and 192:
Overall Overall, males are accompan
Page 193 and 194:
is also dominated by shell (45.74%)
Page 195 and 196:
COLHA Frequency Table (% of Column)
Page 197 and 198:
Overall Overall, Adults are interre
Page 199 and 200:
Quantitative Table (% of Row) Adult
Page 201 and 202:
Frequency Table (% of Row) Only adu
Page 203 and 204:
greenstone (jade) included with fem
Page 205 and 206:
Frequency Table (% of Row) Analyzin
Page 207 and 208:
forms of jade found with definitive
Page 209 and 210:
artifact forms except for items suc
Page 211 and 212:
Page 213 and 214:
modified human bone). Males are acc
Page 215 and 216:
CUELLO Frequency Table (% of Column
Page 217 and 218:
quantities of all other artifact fo
Page 219 and 220:
K’AXOB Frequency Table (% of Colu
Page 221 and 222:
Colha chert, chalcedony and non‐N
Page 223 and 224:
or pollen” (McAnany and Peterson
Page 225 and 226:
Quantitative Table (% of Column) Th
Page 227 and 228:
these individuals, while the most f
Page 229 and 230:
Quantitative Table (% of Row) Adult
Page 231 and 232:
are exclusive to Subadult interment
Page 233 and 234:
eing NB Colha chert. Unmodified fau
Page 235 and 236:
often (57.58%) interred with goods
Page 237 and 238:
female interments were without good
Page 239 and 240:
oth Cuello and Colha where adult ma
Page 241 and 242:
indicating that long distance trade
Page 243 and 244:
of this resource is seen. Clearly C
Page 245 and 246:
CUELLO Nine instances of the placem
Page 247 and 248:
while 83.33% of subadult interments
Page 249 and 250:
groundstone, 1 grinding tool), cera
Page 251 and 252:
epresent 24.32% of these occurrence
Page 253 and 254:
a c Figure 5.3: Examples of both ra
Page 255 and 256:
CUELLO During the Middle Preclassic
Page 257 and 258:
CUELLO At Cuello, 42.86% of all occ
Page 259 and 260:
(possibly public) ceremonial functi
Page 261 and 262:
CUELLO Only two interments contexts
Page 263 and 264:
Unique Count Sex Time Period Site I
Page 265 and 266:
Time Period Site Position Category
Page 267 and 268:
Time Period Site Cranial Orientatio
Page 269 and 270:
Time Period Site Material Adult Ind
Page 271 and 272:
Time Period Site Material Form Adul
Page 273 and 274:
Table 5.12: Interments with Artifac
Page 275 and 276:
Table 5.14: Numbers of Artifacts of
Page 277 and 278:
Table 5.16: Number of Interments wi
Page 279 and 280:
Interments Exhibiting Evidenceof Bu
Page 281 and 282:
o f Red Mineral Pigmentation Table
Page 283 and 284:
Time Period Site Architectural Spac
Page 285 and 286:
Page 287 and 288:
in interred individuals points to t
Page 289 and 290:
of males at Cuello are still very m
Page 291 and 292:
prevalence of males still indicates
Page 293 and 294:
power (Harrison‐Buck 2004: 84). T
Page 295 and 296:
K’AXOB Only extended, flexed and
Page 297 and 298:
CUELLO Nearly half (45.45%) the adu
Page 299 and 300:
Males are discovered with no crania
Page 301 and 302:
orientation. Equal numbers of males
Page 303 and 304:
COLHA Colha Late Preclassic adults
Page 305 and 306:
COUNT OF ARTIFACTS BY MATERIAL TYPE
Page 307 and 308:
31.03% and 12.07% of male interment
Page 309 and 310:
as greenstones and obsidian specifi
Page 311 and 312:
thrice as frequently with males as
Page 313 and 314:
male interments, the new prestige g
Page 315 and 316:
interments. Definitively sexed male
Page 317 and 318:
of the artifact material classes fo
Page 319 and 320:
provides clues as to the continued
Page 321 and 322:
The above analysis considered only
Page 323 and 324:
Page 325 and 326:
(47.06%), with high numbers of shel
Page 327 and 328:
networks that would have access to
Page 329 and 330:
Males and females are found with ve
Page 331 and 332:
of the inclusions of jade artifacts
Page 333 and 334:
items are found with 11.71% of dece
Page 335 and 336:
items, which are found in higher nu
Page 337 and 338:
individuals follows this pattern, w
Page 339 and 340:
within subadult interments as withi
Page 341 and 342:
such as obsidian, jade, and mineral
Page 343 and 344:
that adults were more frequently in
Page 345 and 346:
frequently and in higher numbers wi
Page 347 and 348:
Quantitative Table (% of Row) Analy
Page 349 and 350:
classes are those that strictly occ
Page 351 and 352:
Figure 6.6: Raw jade (jadeite) (ada
Page 353 and 354:
Page 355 and 356:
eads and gorgets, ceramic disks, un
Page 357 and 358:
Quantitative Table (% of Column) Th
Page 359 and 360:
Overall Overall, complete ceramic v
Page 361 and 362:
with males, although a singular ins
Page 363 and 364:
Quantitative Table (% of Row) Males
Page 365 and 366:
COUNT OF ARTIFACTS BY MATERIAL TYPE
Page 367 and 368:
goods with adults corroborates the
Page 369 and 370:
Page 371 and 372:
in this age category (85.21%). Over
Page 373 and 374:
while ceramic vessel fragments are
Page 375 and 376:
chalcedony modified lithics (12.09%
Page 377 and 378:
Overall Overall, subadult interment
Page 379 and 380:
INTERMENTS WITH ARTIFACTS OF VARYIN
Page 381 and 382:
Interestingly, interments containin
Page 383 and 384:
with no funerary assemblage. Betwee
Page 385 and 386:
time. No adult interments are found
Page 387 and 388:
varieties including beads (4.14%),
Page 389 and 390:
more often than prestige goods. Of
Page 391 and 392:
shell adornments (3.45%), pubic shi
Page 393 and 394:
(14.76%), non‐NB Colha chert (9.0
Page 395 and 396:
CUELLO There are 35 individuals int
Page 397 and 398:
All three of these individuals are
Page 399 and 400:
INTERMENTS EXHIBITING EVIDENCE OF B
Page 401 and 402:
CUELLO As during the Middle Preclas
Page 403 and 404:
modified lithics, cutting tools and
Page 405 and 406:
adults. The majority of adult inter
Page 407 and 408:
well as instances of the pigments t
Page 409 and 410:
Whereas 37.60% of Late Preclassic i
Page 411 and 412:
time period. Adults are approximate
Page 413 and 414:
four times more often. No females a
Page 415 and 416:
Page 417 and 418:
Page 419 and 420:
Page 421 and 422:
Page 423 and 424:
Page 425 and 426:
Page 427 and 428:
Time Period Site Function Function
Page 429 and 430:
Page 431 and 432:
Table 6.19: Interments with a Cross
Page 433 and 434:
Time Period Site Cross Motif Materi
Page 435 and 436:
Table 6.26: Total Number of Burned
Page 437 and 438:
Table 6.30: Total Number of Pigment
Page 439 and 440:
Page 441 and 442:
CHAPTER 7: TERMINAL PRECLASSIC COUN
Page 443 and 444:
COUNT OF INDIVIDUALS BY AGE (Table
Page 445 and 446:
only indeterminately sexed individu
Page 447 and 448:
and 12.50% in flexed postures. Suba
Page 449 and 450:
K’AXOB Terminal Preclassic K’ax
Page 451 and 452:
individuals, it appears that subadu
Page 453 and 454:
from the Late Preclassic, with this
Page 455 and 456:
Preclassic may have been going thro
Page 457 and 458:
Preclassic. In those instances wher
Page 459 and 460:
All other artifact material types i
Page 461 and 462:
It should be noted that only three
Page 463 and 464:
that males are interred with a more
Page 465 and 466:
during the Terminal Preclassic than
Page 467 and 468:
numbers of NB Colha chert (32.56%),
Page 469 and 470:
10.81% of the total goods interred
Page 471 and 472:
Overall Overall, adults are interre
Page 473 and 474:
Overall Overall, adults in Terminal
Page 475 and 476:
Page 477 and 478:
female assemblage contains equal fr
Page 479 and 480:
lithics, non‐NB Colha chert core
Page 481 and 482:
Figure 7.2: Deeply carved bone tube
Page 483 and 484:
Greenstone beads represent 6.38% of
Page 485 and 486:
specialized form is seen via the in
Page 487 and 488:
including many prestige materials a
Page 489 and 490:
material modified lithics represent
Page 491 and 492:
Figure 7.5: Shell tinklers from Ter
Page 493 and 494:
assemblage being comprised of shell
Page 495 and 496:
contain 98.58% of the total goods r
Page 497 and 498:
chalcedony core tools three times a
Page 499 and 500:
frequencies of all artifact functio
Page 501 and 502:
NUMBERS OF ARTIFACTS OF VARYING FUN
Page 503 and 504:
COLHA During the Terminal Preclassi
Page 505 and 506:
cover. Of the individuals exhibitin
Page 507 and 508:
with possible male individuals who
Page 509 and 510:
Figure 7.7c: Profile view of cross
Page 511 and 512:
Figure 7.9: Cross motif Vessel 34 f
Page 513 and 514:
INTERMENTS EXHIBITING EVIDENCE OF B
Page 515 and 516:
core tools), non‐NB Colha chert (
Page 517 and 518:
individuals were interred within do
Page 519 and 520:
Page 521 and 522:
Page 523 and 524:
Time Period Site Material Male? Mal
Page 525 and 526:
Time Period Site Material Form Male
Page 527 and 528:
Page 529 and 530:
Page 531 and 532:
Page 533 and 534:
Table 7.18: Number of Head Cover Ve
Page 535 and 536:
Table 7.20: Interments with a Cross
Page 537 and 538:
Table 7.23 :Interments Exhibiting E
Page 539 and 540:
Time Period Site Red Pigment Grand
Page 541 and 542:
Page 543 and 544:
Page 545 and 546:
overarching temporal categories use
Page 547 and 548:
oken down by type (frequency versus
Page 549 and 550:
COLHA All individuals recovered fro
Page 551 and 552:
COLHA CUELLO All individuals at Col
Page 553 and 554:
CUELLO Only indeterminately sexed i
Page 555 and 556:
assemblage. Indeterminate individua
Page 557 and 558:
INTERMENTS WITH ARTIFACTS OF VARYIN
Page 559 and 560:
NUMBER OF INTERMENTS WITH HEAD COVE
Page 561 and 562:
TOTAL NUMBER OF BURNED ARTIFACTS BY
Page 563 and 564:
Page 565 and 566:
Page 567 and 568:
Page 569 and 570:
Page 571 and 572:
Page 573 and 574:
Page 575 and 576:
Time Period Site Function Function
Page 577 and 578:
Page 579 and 580:
Page 581 and 582:
Page 583 and 584:
This is manifested in a higher numb
Page 585 and 586:
items of any material type. Further
Page 587 and 588:
their crania oriented south or nort
Page 589 and 590:
Two subadults are interred with cer
Page 591 and 592:
orientation. Three males are found
Page 593 and 594:
compared to their elders, the lack
Page 595 and 596:
and soil erosion that would have be
Page 597 and 598:
similarly high quantity of shell be
Page 599 and 600:
site (Hammond 1982, 1985). Accordin
Page 601 and 602:
vessels covering their crania. Shel
Page 603 and 604:
indicate a more deliberate social s
Page 605 and 606:
use of red mineral pigments. Cerami
Page 607 and 608:
Females are 1.5 times likelier to h
Page 609 and 610:
the opportunity for earned and ascr
Page 611 and 612:
found in an indeterminate burial po
Page 613 and 614:
DISCUSSION Reader’s Note: All cha
Page 615 and 616:
ALL MATERIALS Material (All) 3000 2
Page 617 and 618:
Terminal Preclassic relative to the
Page 619 and 620:
abilities” and ‘achieved status
Page 621 and 622:
A final example comes from the inte
Page 623 and 624:
generally evidenced across the thre
Page 625 and 626:
CERAMICS Material Ceramic 1400 1200
Page 627 and 628:
ituals throughout the Maya area (Gu
Page 629 and 630:
591 Figure 9.8: Examples of Classic
Page 631 and 632:
Evidence of burning within tombs al
Page 633 and 634:
NON‐JADE GREENSTONE Material Gree
Page 635 and 636:
Documented sources of jadeite or tr
Page 637 and 638:
JADE Material Greenstone (Jade) 25
Page 639 and 640:
amount of goods (Hester and Shafer
Page 641 and 642:
may have spurred elite adult males
Page 643 and 644:
NB COLHA CHERT Material NB Colha Ch
Page 645 and 646:
Given that farming was a mainstay o
Page 647 and 648:
Non‐NB Colha chert does not appea
Page 649 and 650:
materials, the preponderance is fou
Page 651 and 652:
Given the unknown nature of this li
Page 653 and 654:
time progressed. In fact, a small o
Page 655 and 656:
moderate amount of obsidian present
Page 657 and 658:
of goods placed within her assembla
Page 659 and 660:
The context under which bodies or g
Page 661 and 662:
efforts (in the form of hematite, o
Page 663 and 664:
to this high status collective; the
Page 665 and 666:
items within their funerary assembl
Page 667 and 668:
the creation and/or acquisition of
Page 669 and 670:
their identity through the allocati
Page 671 and 672:
possibly solely created for use in
Page 673 and 674:
the Lowlands would be desirable. In
Page 675 and 676:
MIDDLE PRECLASSIC ACROSS ALL THREE
Page 677 and 678:
shell rings and unmodified shell as
Page 679 and 680:
o Cross Motif/No Cross Motif: There
Page 681 and 682:
o Material: Shell is the most quant
Page 683 and 684:
o Form: Shell beads are the most qu
Page 685 and 686:
sexed individuals. The third instan
Page 687 and 688:
o Pigmented/Unpigmented: Considerin
Page 689 and 690:
o Pigmented/Unpigmented: Only one i
Page 691 and 692:
o Material: Shell is the most quant
Page 693 and 694:
LATE PRECLASSIC ACROSS ALL THREE SI
Page 695 and 696:
of both practical and prestige item
Page 697 and 698:
occur exclusively with adults durin
Page 699 and 700:
o Material: Ceramics are the most q
Page 701 and 702:
o Burial Position: Disarticulated s
Page 703 and 704:
CUELLO Males (n=46) o Cranial Orie
Page 705 and 706:
the good most frequently interred w
Page 707 and 708:
K’AXOB o Form: Shell beads are th
Page 709 and 710:
Females (n=12) o Cranial Orientatio
Page 711 and 712:
Subadults (n=20) o Cranial Orientat
Page 713 and 714:
Males are interred with higher numb
Page 715 and 716:
o Form: Ceramic vessel fragments ar
Page 717 and 718:
o Space Function: All males are rec
Page 719 and 720:
o Artifact Function: Adults are int
Page 721 and 722:
o Form: N/A o Space Function: N/A o
Page 723 and 724:
ceramics are associated with pigmen
Page 725 and 726:
o Burial Position: Two thirds of ad
Page 727 and 728:
BIBLIOGRAPHY Adams, Richard E.W. 19
Page 729 and 730:
Bennett, Joanne L. 1999 Thermal Alt
Page 731 and 732:
Arlen F. Chase, pp.123‐138. Pre
Page 733 and 734:
Dreiss, Meredith 1982 An Initial De
Page 735 and 736:
Fitzsimmons, James L. 1998 Classic
Page 737 and 738:
Grube, Nikolai and Linda Schele 199
Page 739 and 740:
Harrison‐Buck, Eleanor 2004 Nouri
Page 741 and 742:
Hester, Thomas R., Giancarlo Ligabu
Page 743 and 744:
Joyce, Rosemary A., and D. C. Grove
Page 745 and 746:
Lovejoy, C. O., et al. 1985 Chronol
Page 747 and 748:
Meadows, Richard 2001 Crafting K’
Page 749 and 750:
1994 Strat 55, Operation 2012, and
Page 751 and 752:
American Indians, vol. 9, R. Waucho
Page 753 and 754:
J.D. Eaton, pp. 31‐39. Center for
Page 755 and 756:
Storey, Rebecca 1992 Life and Death
Page 757 and 758:
Studies in Archeology 16. Texas Arc
Page 759 and 760:
1976 Work in Progress at Colha, Bel
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