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and indeterminately sexed individuals, they are absent from the interments of definitively sexed males and females. Brief highlights of the data for tentatively and indeterminately sexed individuals are below. The possible male assemblage is largely populated by NB Colha chert modified lithics (42.53%) and unmodified faunal remains (24.14%) during the Terminal Preclassic. Possible female individuals are overwhelmingly interred with ceramic vessel fragments with 95.43% of their assemblage being comprised of these artifact forms. Indeterminately sexed individuals have relatively similar percentages of shell beads (27.22%), NB Colha chert modified lithics (22.89%), ceramic vessel fragments (19.79%) and unmodified fauna remains (18.76%) in their assemblage. Possible male individuals are the only decedents during the Terminal Preclassic who are interred with tubes manufactured from bone (Figures 7.1‐7.2) and vessel fragments of groundstone. Indeterminately sexed individual interments mark the only incidences of ceramic musical instruments and greenstone earflares. Interestingly, possible males are interred with two thirds of the recovered chalcedony core tools during this time period. Indeterminately sexed individuals are interred with 97.98% of the shell beads deposited in the Terminal Preclassic and 90% of the greenstone beads. 442
Figure 7.2: Deeply carved bone tube from Terminal Preclassic K’axob (after McAnany 2004a: Photo 0269) 443 Figure 7.1: Tubular bone with carved scallop design from Terminal Preclassic K’axob (after McAnany 2004a: Photo 0267)
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Copyright by Micaela Nerio Obledo 2
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PRECLASSIC MAYA FUNERARY PATTERNS I
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Acknowledgements This dissertation
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Aunjuneé Saldivar is one of my old
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PRECLASSIC MAYA FUNERARY PATTERNS I
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Table of Contents List of Tables ..
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Methodology and Research Questions.
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INTERMENTS WITH ARTIFACTS OF VARYIN
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Cuello.............................
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Cuello.............................
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K’axob...........................
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Colha .............................
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Colha .............................
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Methodology List of Tables Table 4.
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Table 5.19: Interments Exhibiting E
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Table 6.20: Interments with a Cross
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Table 7.17: Number of Interments wi
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Table 8.13: Interments with Artifac
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Figure 7.6: Terminal Preclassic ear
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CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION This disser
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Both local and exotic materials as
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This will be accomplished through t
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endless possible permutations of th
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CHAPTER 2: ENVIRONMENTAL SETTING An
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ecome crested by thick deposits of
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northern area. The central lowlands
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anks of its rivers. The principal d
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Within the central lowlands exists
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transition from tall dense forests
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peninsula. Nodules as large as one
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CHAPTER 3: PREVIOUS ARCHAEOLOGICAL
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Figure 3.1: Site map of Colha (adap
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esult of the first season’s effor
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The 1983 season focused on gaining
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Middle Preclassic 900 B.C. - 400 B.
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manufacture exists in the form of b
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produced at Colha. Obsidian is foun
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2012. As Potter (1994) indicates, t
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Figure 3.3: Site map of Cuello (ada
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final construction phase dating to
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work. Wilk and Wilhite (1991: 237)
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suggest that kin groups established
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Figure 3.4: Site map of K’axob (a
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Facet K’atabche’k’ax [Late Pr
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placed to embed the significance of
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CHAPTER 4: RESEARCH STRUCTURE: METH
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Table 4.2: Colha Age Categories (af
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Table 4.5: Age Categories of the Pr
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Table 4.6: Grave Good Material Cate
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Table 4.7, continued BEAD CELT CORE
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Table 4.7, continued FAN HANDLE FIG
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list and brief explanation of the f
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Table 4.8, continued Hematite (Grou
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Table 4.8, continued UNMODIFIED BON
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Table 4.8, continued UNMODIFIED SHE
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Buttles (2002 citing Hayden 1998: 1
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Those animals that have been classi
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is assigned. If no evidence of pigm
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The Humboldt Celt, on which the abo
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Cuello Table 4.10: Cuello Architect
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Colha Table 4.13: Colha Architectur
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Locational Details: All interment l
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artifact characteristic and how man
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QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS [Provides inf
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In line with the approach taken by
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together via displays of success”
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as the “principle of first occupa
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these interments were placed in an
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devoted to an interpretation of the
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As will be discussed more fully in
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sexed males and females from Colha,
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and possible males round out the la
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CUELLO At Cuello, a total of 20 ind
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often. No males were found in disar
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CUELLO At Cuello during the Middle
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COLHA At Colha during the Middle Pr
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individuals did not have any crania
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K’AXOB One third of interments at
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interments without goods each accou
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materials, including prestige mater
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Scholars such as Adams (1991), Hamm
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with no grave goods at all almost a
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Frequency Table (% of Row) Based on
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Figure 5.1: Disk shell beads recove
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1992; Dreiss 1982, 1994; Feldman 19
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to indeterminates, with the remaind
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economic or ideological worth at Co
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They are, however, accompanied by g
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Both jade and other varieties of gr
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adornment in female graves may indi
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included at the site at this time.
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16.67% of interments. Chalcedony, n
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class and its derivative products,
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were not afforded the social privil
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except for items manufactured from
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Overall Overall, males are accompan
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is also dominated by shell (45.74%)
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COLHA Frequency Table (% of Column)
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Overall Overall, Adults are interre
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Quantitative Table (% of Row) Adult
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Frequency Table (% of Row) Only adu
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greenstone (jade) included with fem
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Frequency Table (% of Row) Analyzin
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forms of jade found with definitive
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artifact forms except for items suc
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modified human bone). Males are acc
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CUELLO Frequency Table (% of Column
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quantities of all other artifact fo
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K’AXOB Frequency Table (% of Colu
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Colha chert, chalcedony and non‐N
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or pollen” (McAnany and Peterson
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Quantitative Table (% of Column) Th
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these individuals, while the most f
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Quantitative Table (% of Row) Adult
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are exclusive to Subadult interment
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eing NB Colha chert. Unmodified fau
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often (57.58%) interred with goods
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female interments were without good
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oth Cuello and Colha where adult ma
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indicating that long distance trade
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of this resource is seen. Clearly C
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CUELLO Nine instances of the placem
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while 83.33% of subadult interments
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groundstone, 1 grinding tool), cera
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epresent 24.32% of these occurrence
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a c Figure 5.3: Examples of both ra
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CUELLO During the Middle Preclassic
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CUELLO At Cuello, 42.86% of all occ
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(possibly public) ceremonial functi
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CUELLO Only two interments contexts
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Unique Count Sex Time Period Site I
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Time Period Site Position Category
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Time Period Site Cranial Orientatio
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Time Period Site Material Adult Ind
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Time Period Site Material Form Adul
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Table 5.14: Numbers of Artifacts of
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Interments Exhibiting Evidenceof Bu
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o f Red Mineral Pigmentation Table
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Time Period Site Architectural Spac
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in interred individuals points to t
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of males at Cuello are still very m
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prevalence of males still indicates
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power (Harrison‐Buck 2004: 84). T
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K’AXOB Only extended, flexed and
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CUELLO Nearly half (45.45%) the adu
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Males are discovered with no crania
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orientation. Equal numbers of males
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COLHA Colha Late Preclassic adults
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COUNT OF ARTIFACTS BY MATERIAL TYPE
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31.03% and 12.07% of male interment
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as greenstones and obsidian specifi
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thrice as frequently with males as
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male interments, the new prestige g
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interments. Definitively sexed male
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of the artifact material classes fo
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provides clues as to the continued
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The above analysis considered only
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Frequency Table (% of Row) Based on
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(47.06%), with high numbers of shel
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networks that would have access to
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Males and females are found with ve
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of the inclusions of jade artifacts
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items are found with 11.71% of dece
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items, which are found in higher nu
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individuals follows this pattern, w
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within subadult interments as withi
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such as obsidian, jade, and mineral
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that adults were more frequently in
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frequently and in higher numbers wi
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Quantitative Table (% of Row) Analy
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classes are those that strictly occ
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Figure 6.6: Raw jade (jadeite) (ada
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eads and gorgets, ceramic disks, un
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Quantitative Table (% of Column) Th
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Overall Overall, complete ceramic v
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with males, although a singular ins
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Quantitative Table (% of Row) Males
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COUNT OF ARTIFACTS BY MATERIAL TYPE
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goods with adults corroborates the
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in this age category (85.21%). Over
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while ceramic vessel fragments are
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chalcedony modified lithics (12.09%
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Overall Overall, subadult interment
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Interestingly, interments containin
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with no funerary assemblage. Betwee
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time. No adult interments are found
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varieties including beads (4.14%),
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more often than prestige goods. Of
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shell adornments (3.45%), pubic shi
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(14.76%), non‐NB Colha chert (9.0
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CUELLO There are 35 individuals int
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All three of these individuals are
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INTERMENTS EXHIBITING EVIDENCE OF B
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CUELLO As during the Middle Preclas
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modified lithics, cutting tools and
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adults. The majority of adult inter
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well as instances of the pigments t
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Whereas 37.60% of Late Preclassic i
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time period. Adults are approximate
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four times more often. No females a
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Time Period Site Function Function
Page 429 and 430: Table 6.16: Number of Interments wi
Page 431 and 432: Table 6.19: Interments with a Cross
Page 433 and 434: Time Period Site Cross Motif Materi
Page 435 and 436: Table 6.26: Total Number of Burned
Page 437 and 438: Table 6.30: Total Number of Pigment
Page 439 and 440: Time Period Site Architectural Spac
Page 441 and 442: CHAPTER 7: TERMINAL PRECLASSIC COUN
Page 443 and 444: COUNT OF INDIVIDUALS BY AGE (Table
Page 445 and 446: only indeterminately sexed individu
Page 447 and 448: and 12.50% in flexed postures. Suba
Page 449 and 450: K’AXOB Terminal Preclassic K’ax
Page 451 and 452: individuals, it appears that subadu
Page 453 and 454: from the Late Preclassic, with this
Page 455 and 456: Preclassic may have been going thro
Page 457 and 458: Preclassic. In those instances wher
Page 459 and 460: All other artifact material types i
Page 461 and 462: It should be noted that only three
Page 463 and 464: that males are interred with a more
Page 465 and 466: during the Terminal Preclassic than
Page 467 and 468: numbers of NB Colha chert (32.56%),
Page 469 and 470: 10.81% of the total goods interred
Page 471 and 472: Overall Overall, adults are interre
Page 473 and 474: Overall Overall, adults in Terminal
Page 475 and 476: Frequency Table (% of Row) Based on
Page 477 and 478: female assemblage contains equal fr
Page 479: lithics, non‐NB Colha chert core
Page 483 and 484: Greenstone beads represent 6.38% of
Page 485 and 486: specialized form is seen via the in
Page 487 and 488: including many prestige materials a
Page 489 and 490: material modified lithics represent
Page 491 and 492: Figure 7.5: Shell tinklers from Ter
Page 493 and 494: assemblage being comprised of shell
Page 495 and 496: contain 98.58% of the total goods r
Page 497 and 498: chalcedony core tools three times a
Page 499 and 500: frequencies of all artifact functio
Page 501 and 502: NUMBERS OF ARTIFACTS OF VARYING FUN
Page 503 and 504: COLHA During the Terminal Preclassi
Page 505 and 506: cover. Of the individuals exhibitin
Page 507 and 508: with possible male individuals who
Page 509 and 510: Figure 7.7c: Profile view of cross
Page 511 and 512: Figure 7.9: Cross motif Vessel 34 f
Page 513 and 514: INTERMENTS EXHIBITING EVIDENCE OF B
Page 515 and 516: core tools), non‐NB Colha chert (
Page 517 and 518: individuals were interred within do
Page 519 and 520: Time Period Site Position Category
Page 521 and 522: Time Period Site Cranial Orientatio
Page 523 and 524: Time Period Site Material Male? Mal
Page 525 and 526: Time Period Site Material Form Male
Page 527 and 528: Table 7.11: Interments with Artifac
Page 529 and 530: Table 7.13: Interments with Artifac
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Table 7.18: Number of Head Cover Ve
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Table 7.20: Interments with a Cross
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Table 7.23 :Interments Exhibiting E
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Time Period Site Red Pigment Grand
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overarching temporal categories use
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oken down by type (frequency versus
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COLHA All individuals recovered fro
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COLHA CUELLO All individuals at Col
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CUELLO Only indeterminately sexed i
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assemblage. Indeterminate individua
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NUMBER OF INTERMENTS WITH HEAD COVE
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TOTAL NUMBER OF BURNED ARTIFACTS BY
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Time Period Site Function Function
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This is manifested in a higher numb
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items of any material type. Further
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their crania oriented south or nort
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Two subadults are interred with cer
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orientation. Three males are found
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compared to their elders, the lack
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and soil erosion that would have be
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similarly high quantity of shell be
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site (Hammond 1982, 1985). Accordin
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vessels covering their crania. Shel
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indicate a more deliberate social s
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use of red mineral pigments. Cerami
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Females are 1.5 times likelier to h
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the opportunity for earned and ascr
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found in an indeterminate burial po
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DISCUSSION Reader’s Note: All cha
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ALL MATERIALS Material (All) 3000 2
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Terminal Preclassic relative to the
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abilities” and ‘achieved status
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A final example comes from the inte
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generally evidenced across the thre
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CERAMICS Material Ceramic 1400 1200
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ituals throughout the Maya area (Gu
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591 Figure 9.8: Examples of Classic
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Evidence of burning within tombs al
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NON‐JADE GREENSTONE Material Gree
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Documented sources of jadeite or tr
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JADE Material Greenstone (Jade) 25
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amount of goods (Hester and Shafer
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may have spurred elite adult males
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NB COLHA CHERT Material NB Colha Ch
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Given that farming was a mainstay o
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Non‐NB Colha chert does not appea
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materials, the preponderance is fou
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Given the unknown nature of this li
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time progressed. In fact, a small o
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moderate amount of obsidian present
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of goods placed within her assembla
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The context under which bodies or g
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efforts (in the form of hematite, o
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to this high status collective; the
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items within their funerary assembl
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the creation and/or acquisition of
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their identity through the allocati
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possibly solely created for use in
Page 673 and 674:
the Lowlands would be desirable. In
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MIDDLE PRECLASSIC ACROSS ALL THREE
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shell rings and unmodified shell as
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o Cross Motif/No Cross Motif: There
Page 681 and 682:
o Material: Shell is the most quant
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o Form: Shell beads are the most qu
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sexed individuals. The third instan
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o Pigmented/Unpigmented: Considerin
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o Pigmented/Unpigmented: Only one i
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o Material: Shell is the most quant
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LATE PRECLASSIC ACROSS ALL THREE SI
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of both practical and prestige item
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occur exclusively with adults durin
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o Material: Ceramics are the most q
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o Burial Position: Disarticulated s
Page 703 and 704:
CUELLO Males (n=46) o Cranial Orie
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the good most frequently interred w
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K’AXOB o Form: Shell beads are th
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Females (n=12) o Cranial Orientatio
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Subadults (n=20) o Cranial Orientat
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Males are interred with higher numb
Page 715 and 716:
o Form: Ceramic vessel fragments ar
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o Space Function: All males are rec
Page 719 and 720:
o Artifact Function: Adults are int
Page 721 and 722:
o Form: N/A o Space Function: N/A o
Page 723 and 724:
ceramics are associated with pigmen
Page 725 and 726:
o Burial Position: Two thirds of ad
Page 727 and 728:
BIBLIOGRAPHY Adams, Richard E.W. 19
Page 729 and 730:
Bennett, Joanne L. 1999 Thermal Alt
Page 731 and 732:
Arlen F. Chase, pp.123‐138. Pre
Page 733 and 734:
Dreiss, Meredith 1982 An Initial De
Page 735 and 736:
Fitzsimmons, James L. 1998 Classic
Page 737 and 738:
Grube, Nikolai and Linda Schele 199
Page 739 and 740:
Harrison‐Buck, Eleanor 2004 Nouri
Page 741 and 742:
Hester, Thomas R., Giancarlo Ligabu
Page 743 and 744:
Joyce, Rosemary A., and D. C. Grove
Page 745 and 746:
Lovejoy, C. O., et al. 1985 Chronol
Page 747 and 748:
Meadows, Richard 2001 Crafting K’
Page 749 and 750:
1994 Strat 55, Operation 2012, and
Page 751 and 752:
American Indians, vol. 9, R. Waucho
Page 753 and 754:
J.D. Eaton, pp. 31‐39. Center for
Page 755 and 756:
Storey, Rebecca 1992 Life and Death
Page 757 and 758:
Studies in Archeology 16. Texas Arc
Page 759 and 760:
1976 Work in Progress at Colha, Bel
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