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CHALCEDONY Material Chalcedony 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Sum of Number Male Female Male Female Male Adult Adult Adult Middle Preclassic Late Preclassic Terminal Preclassic Cuello 1 0 0 0 0 K'axob 32 7 66 60 33 Time Period Age Sex Figure 9.16: Distribution of grave goods made of chalcedony The above chart shows that only those definitively sexed adults who were inhabitants of Cuello and K’axob are interred with chalcedony artifacts. These artifacts include forms such as bifaces and various forms of lithic debitage. While chalcedony artifacts are found with indeterminately sexed subadults in the Middle, Late, and Terminal Preclassic, this summary analysis focuses on determinately sexed and determinately aged individuals, as shown above. However, it should be noted that the data does not reveal the discovery of any chalcedony artifacts with any demographic group at Colha during the Preclassic. As with artifacts of other 610 Site Cuello K'axob
materials, the preponderance is found with adults from K’axob; far more are placed with males than with females. The majority of these items are various forms of lithic debitage. Chalcedony quantities appear to increase from the Middle to the Late Preclassic and decrease again in the Terminal Preclassic. The absence of chalcedony from the interments of Colha and the negligible amounts found at Cuello likely result from a heavy reliance on NB Colha chert. Outcrops of this high quality chert surrounded Colha and were readily available to Cuello and other trading partners in the Preclassic. The inclusion of chalcedony lithic debitage, noted above, within the Preclassic funerary assemblage tends to co‐occur with lithic debitage fashioned from NB Colha chert, non‐NB Colha chert and unidentifiable lithic material. This suite of materials all contributed to the above referenced lithic “blankets” (Storey 2004) that were found with a number of adult male individuals; these men were possibly the focus of an intricate funerary rite involving fire or censing of the grave area and the smashing of ceramic vessel, which added to the voluminous grave good count represented by lithic debitage from the material sources examined above. 611
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Copyright by Micaela Nerio Obledo 2
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PRECLASSIC MAYA FUNERARY PATTERNS I
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Acknowledgements This dissertation
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Aunjuneé Saldivar is one of my old
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PRECLASSIC MAYA FUNERARY PATTERNS I
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Table of Contents List of Tables ..
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Methodology and Research Questions.
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INTERMENTS WITH ARTIFACTS OF VARYIN
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Cuello.............................
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Cuello.............................
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K’axob...........................
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Colha .............................
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Colha .............................
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Methodology List of Tables Table 4.
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Table 5.19: Interments Exhibiting E
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Table 6.20: Interments with a Cross
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Table 7.17: Number of Interments wi
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Table 8.13: Interments with Artifac
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Figure 7.6: Terminal Preclassic ear
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CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION This disser
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Both local and exotic materials as
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This will be accomplished through t
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endless possible permutations of th
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CHAPTER 2: ENVIRONMENTAL SETTING An
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ecome crested by thick deposits of
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northern area. The central lowlands
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anks of its rivers. The principal d
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Within the central lowlands exists
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transition from tall dense forests
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peninsula. Nodules as large as one
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CHAPTER 3: PREVIOUS ARCHAEOLOGICAL
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Figure 3.1: Site map of Colha (adap
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esult of the first season’s effor
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The 1983 season focused on gaining
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Middle Preclassic 900 B.C. - 400 B.
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manufacture exists in the form of b
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produced at Colha. Obsidian is foun
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2012. As Potter (1994) indicates, t
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Figure 3.3: Site map of Cuello (ada
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final construction phase dating to
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work. Wilk and Wilhite (1991: 237)
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suggest that kin groups established
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Figure 3.4: Site map of K’axob (a
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Facet K’atabche’k’ax [Late Pr
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placed to embed the significance of
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CHAPTER 4: RESEARCH STRUCTURE: METH
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Table 4.2: Colha Age Categories (af
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Table 4.5: Age Categories of the Pr
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Table 4.6: Grave Good Material Cate
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Table 4.7, continued BEAD CELT CORE
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Table 4.7, continued FAN HANDLE FIG
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list and brief explanation of the f
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Table 4.8, continued Hematite (Grou
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Table 4.8, continued UNMODIFIED BON
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Table 4.8, continued UNMODIFIED SHE
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Buttles (2002 citing Hayden 1998: 1
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Those animals that have been classi
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is assigned. If no evidence of pigm
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The Humboldt Celt, on which the abo
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Cuello Table 4.10: Cuello Architect
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Colha Table 4.13: Colha Architectur
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Locational Details: All interment l
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artifact characteristic and how man
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QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS [Provides inf
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In line with the approach taken by
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together via displays of success”
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as the “principle of first occupa
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these interments were placed in an
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devoted to an interpretation of the
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As will be discussed more fully in
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sexed males and females from Colha,
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and possible males round out the la
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CUELLO At Cuello, a total of 20 ind
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often. No males were found in disar
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CUELLO At Cuello during the Middle
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COLHA At Colha during the Middle Pr
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individuals did not have any crania
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K’AXOB One third of interments at
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interments without goods each accou
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materials, including prestige mater
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Scholars such as Adams (1991), Hamm
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with no grave goods at all almost a
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Frequency Table (% of Row) Based on
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Figure 5.1: Disk shell beads recove
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1992; Dreiss 1982, 1994; Feldman 19
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to indeterminates, with the remaind
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economic or ideological worth at Co
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They are, however, accompanied by g
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Both jade and other varieties of gr
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adornment in female graves may indi
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included at the site at this time.
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16.67% of interments. Chalcedony, n
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class and its derivative products,
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were not afforded the social privil
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except for items manufactured from
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Overall Overall, males are accompan
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is also dominated by shell (45.74%)
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COLHA Frequency Table (% of Column)
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Overall Overall, Adults are interre
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Quantitative Table (% of Row) Adult
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Frequency Table (% of Row) Only adu
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greenstone (jade) included with fem
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Frequency Table (% of Row) Analyzin
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forms of jade found with definitive
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artifact forms except for items suc
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modified human bone). Males are acc
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CUELLO Frequency Table (% of Column
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quantities of all other artifact fo
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K’AXOB Frequency Table (% of Colu
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Colha chert, chalcedony and non‐N
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or pollen” (McAnany and Peterson
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Quantitative Table (% of Column) Th
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these individuals, while the most f
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Quantitative Table (% of Row) Adult
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are exclusive to Subadult interment
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eing NB Colha chert. Unmodified fau
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often (57.58%) interred with goods
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female interments were without good
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oth Cuello and Colha where adult ma
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indicating that long distance trade
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of this resource is seen. Clearly C
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CUELLO Nine instances of the placem
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while 83.33% of subadult interments
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groundstone, 1 grinding tool), cera
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epresent 24.32% of these occurrence
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a c Figure 5.3: Examples of both ra
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CUELLO During the Middle Preclassic
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CUELLO At Cuello, 42.86% of all occ
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(possibly public) ceremonial functi
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CUELLO Only two interments contexts
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Unique Count Sex Time Period Site I
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Time Period Site Position Category
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Time Period Site Cranial Orientatio
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Time Period Site Material Adult Ind
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Time Period Site Material Form Adul
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Table 5.14: Numbers of Artifacts of
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Interments Exhibiting Evidenceof Bu
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o f Red Mineral Pigmentation Table
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Time Period Site Architectural Spac
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in interred individuals points to t
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of males at Cuello are still very m
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prevalence of males still indicates
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power (Harrison‐Buck 2004: 84). T
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K’AXOB Only extended, flexed and
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CUELLO Nearly half (45.45%) the adu
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Males are discovered with no crania
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orientation. Equal numbers of males
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COLHA Colha Late Preclassic adults
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COUNT OF ARTIFACTS BY MATERIAL TYPE
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31.03% and 12.07% of male interment
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as greenstones and obsidian specifi
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thrice as frequently with males as
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male interments, the new prestige g
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interments. Definitively sexed male
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of the artifact material classes fo
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provides clues as to the continued
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The above analysis considered only
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(47.06%), with high numbers of shel
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networks that would have access to
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Males and females are found with ve
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of the inclusions of jade artifacts
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items are found with 11.71% of dece
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items, which are found in higher nu
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individuals follows this pattern, w
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within subadult interments as withi
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such as obsidian, jade, and mineral
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that adults were more frequently in
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frequently and in higher numbers wi
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Quantitative Table (% of Row) Analy
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classes are those that strictly occ
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Figure 6.6: Raw jade (jadeite) (ada
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eads and gorgets, ceramic disks, un
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Quantitative Table (% of Column) Th
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Overall Overall, complete ceramic v
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with males, although a singular ins
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Quantitative Table (% of Row) Males
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COUNT OF ARTIFACTS BY MATERIAL TYPE
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goods with adults corroborates the
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in this age category (85.21%). Over
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while ceramic vessel fragments are
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chalcedony modified lithics (12.09%
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Overall Overall, subadult interment
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Interestingly, interments containin
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with no funerary assemblage. Betwee
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time. No adult interments are found
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varieties including beads (4.14%),
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more often than prestige goods. Of
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shell adornments (3.45%), pubic shi
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(14.76%), non‐NB Colha chert (9.0
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CUELLO There are 35 individuals int
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All three of these individuals are
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INTERMENTS EXHIBITING EVIDENCE OF B
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CUELLO As during the Middle Preclas
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modified lithics, cutting tools and
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adults. The majority of adult inter
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well as instances of the pigments t
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Whereas 37.60% of Late Preclassic i
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time period. Adults are approximate
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four times more often. No females a
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Time Period Site Function Function
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Time Period Site Cross Motif Materi
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Table 6.26: Total Number of Burned
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Table 6.30: Total Number of Pigment
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CHAPTER 7: TERMINAL PRECLASSIC COUN
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COUNT OF INDIVIDUALS BY AGE (Table
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only indeterminately sexed individu
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and 12.50% in flexed postures. Suba
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K’AXOB Terminal Preclassic K’ax
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individuals, it appears that subadu
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from the Late Preclassic, with this
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Preclassic may have been going thro
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Preclassic. In those instances wher
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All other artifact material types i
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It should be noted that only three
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that males are interred with a more
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during the Terminal Preclassic than
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numbers of NB Colha chert (32.56%),
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10.81% of the total goods interred
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Overall Overall, adults are interre
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Overall Overall, adults in Terminal
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female assemblage contains equal fr
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lithics, non‐NB Colha chert core
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Figure 7.2: Deeply carved bone tube
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Greenstone beads represent 6.38% of
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specialized form is seen via the in
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including many prestige materials a
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material modified lithics represent
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Figure 7.5: Shell tinklers from Ter
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assemblage being comprised of shell
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contain 98.58% of the total goods r
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chalcedony core tools three times a
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frequencies of all artifact functio
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NUMBERS OF ARTIFACTS OF VARYING FUN
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COLHA During the Terminal Preclassi
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cover. Of the individuals exhibitin
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with possible male individuals who
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Figure 7.7c: Profile view of cross
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Figure 7.9: Cross motif Vessel 34 f
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INTERMENTS EXHIBITING EVIDENCE OF B
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core tools), non‐NB Colha chert (
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individuals were interred within do
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Time Period Site Material Male? Mal
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Time Period Site Material Form Male
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Table 7.18: Number of Head Cover Ve
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Table 7.23 :Interments Exhibiting E
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Time Period Site Red Pigment Grand
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overarching temporal categories use
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oken down by type (frequency versus
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COLHA All individuals recovered fro
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COLHA CUELLO All individuals at Col
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CUELLO Only indeterminately sexed i
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assemblage. Indeterminate individua
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NUMBER OF INTERMENTS WITH HEAD COVE
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TOTAL NUMBER OF BURNED ARTIFACTS BY
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Time Period Site Function Function
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This is manifested in a higher numb
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items of any material type. Further
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their crania oriented south or nort
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Two subadults are interred with cer
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orientation. Three males are found
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compared to their elders, the lack
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and soil erosion that would have be
Page 597 and 598: similarly high quantity of shell be
Page 599 and 600: site (Hammond 1982, 1985). Accordin
Page 601 and 602: vessels covering their crania. Shel
Page 603 and 604: indicate a more deliberate social s
Page 605 and 606: use of red mineral pigments. Cerami
Page 607 and 608: Females are 1.5 times likelier to h
Page 609 and 610: the opportunity for earned and ascr
Page 611 and 612: found in an indeterminate burial po
Page 613 and 614: DISCUSSION Reader’s Note: All cha
Page 615 and 616: ALL MATERIALS Material (All) 3000 2
Page 617 and 618: Terminal Preclassic relative to the
Page 619 and 620: abilities” and ‘achieved status
Page 621 and 622: A final example comes from the inte
Page 623 and 624: generally evidenced across the thre
Page 625 and 626: CERAMICS Material Ceramic 1400 1200
Page 627 and 628: ituals throughout the Maya area (Gu
Page 629 and 630: 591 Figure 9.8: Examples of Classic
Page 631 and 632: Evidence of burning within tombs al
Page 633 and 634: NON‐JADE GREENSTONE Material Gree
Page 635 and 636: Documented sources of jadeite or tr
Page 637 and 638: JADE Material Greenstone (Jade) 25
Page 639 and 640: amount of goods (Hester and Shafer
Page 641 and 642: may have spurred elite adult males
Page 643 and 644: NB COLHA CHERT Material NB Colha Ch
Page 645 and 646: Given that farming was a mainstay o
Page 647: Non‐NB Colha chert does not appea
Page 651 and 652: Given the unknown nature of this li
Page 653 and 654: time progressed. In fact, a small o
Page 655 and 656: moderate amount of obsidian present
Page 657 and 658: of goods placed within her assembla
Page 659 and 660: The context under which bodies or g
Page 661 and 662: efforts (in the form of hematite, o
Page 663 and 664: to this high status collective; the
Page 665 and 666: items within their funerary assembl
Page 667 and 668: the creation and/or acquisition of
Page 669 and 670: their identity through the allocati
Page 671 and 672: possibly solely created for use in
Page 673 and 674: the Lowlands would be desirable. In
Page 675 and 676: MIDDLE PRECLASSIC ACROSS ALL THREE
Page 677 and 678: shell rings and unmodified shell as
Page 679 and 680: o Cross Motif/No Cross Motif: There
Page 681 and 682: o Material: Shell is the most quant
Page 683 and 684: o Form: Shell beads are the most qu
Page 685 and 686: sexed individuals. The third instan
Page 687 and 688: o Pigmented/Unpigmented: Considerin
Page 689 and 690: o Pigmented/Unpigmented: Only one i
Page 691 and 692: o Material: Shell is the most quant
Page 693 and 694: LATE PRECLASSIC ACROSS ALL THREE SI
Page 695 and 696: of both practical and prestige item
Page 697 and 698: occur exclusively with adults durin
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o Material: Ceramics are the most q
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o Burial Position: Disarticulated s
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CUELLO Males (n=46) o Cranial Orie
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the good most frequently interred w
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K’AXOB o Form: Shell beads are th
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Females (n=12) o Cranial Orientatio
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Subadults (n=20) o Cranial Orientat
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Males are interred with higher numb
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o Form: Ceramic vessel fragments ar
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o Space Function: All males are rec
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o Artifact Function: Adults are int
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o Form: N/A o Space Function: N/A o
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ceramics are associated with pigmen
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o Burial Position: Two thirds of ad
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BIBLIOGRAPHY Adams, Richard E.W. 19
Page 729 and 730:
Bennett, Joanne L. 1999 Thermal Alt
Page 731 and 732:
Arlen F. Chase, pp.123‐138. Pre
Page 733 and 734:
Dreiss, Meredith 1982 An Initial De
Page 735 and 736:
Fitzsimmons, James L. 1998 Classic
Page 737 and 738:
Grube, Nikolai and Linda Schele 199
Page 739 and 740:
Harrison‐Buck, Eleanor 2004 Nouri
Page 741 and 742:
Hester, Thomas R., Giancarlo Ligabu
Page 743 and 744:
Joyce, Rosemary A., and D. C. Grove
Page 745 and 746:
Lovejoy, C. O., et al. 1985 Chronol
Page 747 and 748:
Meadows, Richard 2001 Crafting K’
Page 749 and 750:
1994 Strat 55, Operation 2012, and
Page 751 and 752:
American Indians, vol. 9, R. Waucho
Page 753 and 754:
J.D. Eaton, pp. 31‐39. Center for
Page 755 and 756:
Storey, Rebecca 1992 Life and Death
Page 757 and 758:
Studies in Archeology 16. Texas Arc
Page 759 and 760:
1976 Work in Progress at Colha, Bel
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