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Table 8.13: Interments with Artifacts of Varying Functions by Age of the Individual ArtFunction Count Age Group Time Period Site Function Function Details Adult Indeterminate SubAdult Grand Total Preclassic Colha N/A N/A 9 1 2 12 N/A Total 9 1 2 12 Prestige‐Ceremonial Prestige‐Ceremonial 0 0 1 1 Prestige‐Ceremonial Total 0 0 1 1 Colha Total 9 1 3 13 Cuello Prestige‐Ceremonial Prestige‐Ceremonial 1 1 0 2 Prestige‐Ceremonial Total 1 1 0 2 Cuello Total 1 1 0 2 Grand Total 10 2 3 15 536 Note that goods of varying functions may be found within a single interment therefore this is not a count of interments but rather a count of those interments that contain goods of the various specified functions. Note that N/A denotes those interments absent of goods
Time Period Site Function Function Detail Material Form Grand Total Preclassic Colha Prestige‐Ceremonial Prestige‐Ceremonial Greenstone Bead 2 Greenstone Total 2 Prestige‐Ceremonial Total 2 Prestige‐Ceremonial Total 2 Colha Total 2 Cuello Prestige‐Ceremonial Prestige‐Ceremonial Ceramic Vessel 1 Ceramic Total 1 Shell Bead 1 Shell Total 1 Prestige‐Ceremonial Total 2 Prestige‐Ceremonial Total 2 Cuello Total 2 Grand Total 4 537
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Copyright by Micaela Nerio Obledo 2
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PRECLASSIC MAYA FUNERARY PATTERNS I
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Acknowledgements This dissertation
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Aunjuneé Saldivar is one of my old
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PRECLASSIC MAYA FUNERARY PATTERNS I
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Table of Contents List of Tables ..
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Methodology and Research Questions.
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INTERMENTS WITH ARTIFACTS OF VARYIN
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Cuello.............................
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Cuello.............................
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K’axob...........................
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Colha .............................
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Colha .............................
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Methodology List of Tables Table 4.
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Table 5.19: Interments Exhibiting E
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Table 6.20: Interments with a Cross
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Table 7.17: Number of Interments wi
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Table 8.13: Interments with Artifac
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Figure 7.6: Terminal Preclassic ear
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CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION This disser
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Both local and exotic materials as
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This will be accomplished through t
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endless possible permutations of th
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CHAPTER 2: ENVIRONMENTAL SETTING An
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ecome crested by thick deposits of
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northern area. The central lowlands
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anks of its rivers. The principal d
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Within the central lowlands exists
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transition from tall dense forests
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peninsula. Nodules as large as one
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CHAPTER 3: PREVIOUS ARCHAEOLOGICAL
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Figure 3.1: Site map of Colha (adap
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esult of the first season’s effor
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The 1983 season focused on gaining
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Middle Preclassic 900 B.C. - 400 B.
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manufacture exists in the form of b
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produced at Colha. Obsidian is foun
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2012. As Potter (1994) indicates, t
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Figure 3.3: Site map of Cuello (ada
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final construction phase dating to
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work. Wilk and Wilhite (1991: 237)
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suggest that kin groups established
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Figure 3.4: Site map of K’axob (a
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Facet K’atabche’k’ax [Late Pr
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placed to embed the significance of
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CHAPTER 4: RESEARCH STRUCTURE: METH
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Table 4.2: Colha Age Categories (af
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Table 4.5: Age Categories of the Pr
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Table 4.6: Grave Good Material Cate
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Table 4.7, continued BEAD CELT CORE
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Table 4.7, continued FAN HANDLE FIG
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list and brief explanation of the f
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Table 4.8, continued Hematite (Grou
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Table 4.8, continued UNMODIFIED BON
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Table 4.8, continued UNMODIFIED SHE
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Buttles (2002 citing Hayden 1998: 1
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Those animals that have been classi
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is assigned. If no evidence of pigm
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The Humboldt Celt, on which the abo
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Cuello Table 4.10: Cuello Architect
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Colha Table 4.13: Colha Architectur
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Locational Details: All interment l
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artifact characteristic and how man
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QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS [Provides inf
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In line with the approach taken by
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together via displays of success”
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as the “principle of first occupa
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these interments were placed in an
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devoted to an interpretation of the
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As will be discussed more fully in
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sexed males and females from Colha,
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and possible males round out the la
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CUELLO At Cuello, a total of 20 ind
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often. No males were found in disar
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CUELLO At Cuello during the Middle
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COLHA At Colha during the Middle Pr
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individuals did not have any crania
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K’AXOB One third of interments at
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interments without goods each accou
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materials, including prestige mater
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Scholars such as Adams (1991), Hamm
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with no grave goods at all almost a
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Frequency Table (% of Row) Based on
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Figure 5.1: Disk shell beads recove
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1992; Dreiss 1982, 1994; Feldman 19
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to indeterminates, with the remaind
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economic or ideological worth at Co
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They are, however, accompanied by g
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Both jade and other varieties of gr
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adornment in female graves may indi
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included at the site at this time.
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16.67% of interments. Chalcedony, n
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class and its derivative products,
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were not afforded the social privil
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except for items manufactured from
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Overall Overall, males are accompan
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is also dominated by shell (45.74%)
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COLHA Frequency Table (% of Column)
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Overall Overall, Adults are interre
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Quantitative Table (% of Row) Adult
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Frequency Table (% of Row) Only adu
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greenstone (jade) included with fem
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Frequency Table (% of Row) Analyzin
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forms of jade found with definitive
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artifact forms except for items suc
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modified human bone). Males are acc
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CUELLO Frequency Table (% of Column
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quantities of all other artifact fo
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K’AXOB Frequency Table (% of Colu
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Colha chert, chalcedony and non‐N
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or pollen” (McAnany and Peterson
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Quantitative Table (% of Column) Th
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these individuals, while the most f
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Quantitative Table (% of Row) Adult
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are exclusive to Subadult interment
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eing NB Colha chert. Unmodified fau
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often (57.58%) interred with goods
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female interments were without good
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oth Cuello and Colha where adult ma
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indicating that long distance trade
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of this resource is seen. Clearly C
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CUELLO Nine instances of the placem
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while 83.33% of subadult interments
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groundstone, 1 grinding tool), cera
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epresent 24.32% of these occurrence
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a c Figure 5.3: Examples of both ra
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CUELLO During the Middle Preclassic
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CUELLO At Cuello, 42.86% of all occ
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(possibly public) ceremonial functi
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CUELLO Only two interments contexts
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Unique Count Sex Time Period Site I
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Time Period Site Position Category
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Time Period Site Cranial Orientatio
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Time Period Site Material Adult Ind
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Time Period Site Material Form Adul
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Table 5.14: Numbers of Artifacts of
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Interments Exhibiting Evidenceof Bu
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o f Red Mineral Pigmentation Table
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Time Period Site Architectural Spac
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in interred individuals points to t
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of males at Cuello are still very m
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prevalence of males still indicates
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power (Harrison‐Buck 2004: 84). T
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K’AXOB Only extended, flexed and
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CUELLO Nearly half (45.45%) the adu
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Males are discovered with no crania
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orientation. Equal numbers of males
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COLHA Colha Late Preclassic adults
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COUNT OF ARTIFACTS BY MATERIAL TYPE
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31.03% and 12.07% of male interment
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as greenstones and obsidian specifi
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thrice as frequently with males as
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male interments, the new prestige g
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interments. Definitively sexed male
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of the artifact material classes fo
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provides clues as to the continued
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The above analysis considered only
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(47.06%), with high numbers of shel
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networks that would have access to
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Males and females are found with ve
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of the inclusions of jade artifacts
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items are found with 11.71% of dece
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items, which are found in higher nu
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individuals follows this pattern, w
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within subadult interments as withi
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such as obsidian, jade, and mineral
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that adults were more frequently in
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frequently and in higher numbers wi
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Quantitative Table (% of Row) Analy
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classes are those that strictly occ
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Figure 6.6: Raw jade (jadeite) (ada
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eads and gorgets, ceramic disks, un
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Quantitative Table (% of Column) Th
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Overall Overall, complete ceramic v
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with males, although a singular ins
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Quantitative Table (% of Row) Males
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COUNT OF ARTIFACTS BY MATERIAL TYPE
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goods with adults corroborates the
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in this age category (85.21%). Over
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while ceramic vessel fragments are
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chalcedony modified lithics (12.09%
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Overall Overall, subadult interment
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INTERMENTS WITH ARTIFACTS OF VARYIN
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Interestingly, interments containin
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with no funerary assemblage. Betwee
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time. No adult interments are found
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varieties including beads (4.14%),
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more often than prestige goods. Of
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shell adornments (3.45%), pubic shi
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(14.76%), non‐NB Colha chert (9.0
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CUELLO There are 35 individuals int
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All three of these individuals are
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INTERMENTS EXHIBITING EVIDENCE OF B
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CUELLO As during the Middle Preclas
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modified lithics, cutting tools and
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adults. The majority of adult inter
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well as instances of the pigments t
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Whereas 37.60% of Late Preclassic i
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time period. Adults are approximate
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four times more often. No females a
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Unique Count Sex Time Period Site I
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Time Period Site Material Adult Ind
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Time Period Site Material Form Adul
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Time Period Site Function Function
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Table 6.19: Interments with a Cross
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Time Period Site Cross Motif Materi
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Table 6.26: Total Number of Burned
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Table 6.30: Total Number of Pigment
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CHAPTER 7: TERMINAL PRECLASSIC COUN
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COUNT OF INDIVIDUALS BY AGE (Table
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only indeterminately sexed individu
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and 12.50% in flexed postures. Suba
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K’AXOB Terminal Preclassic K’ax
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individuals, it appears that subadu
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from the Late Preclassic, with this
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Preclassic may have been going thro
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Preclassic. In those instances wher
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All other artifact material types i
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It should be noted that only three
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that males are interred with a more
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during the Terminal Preclassic than
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numbers of NB Colha chert (32.56%),
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10.81% of the total goods interred
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Overall Overall, adults are interre
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Overall Overall, adults in Terminal
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female assemblage contains equal fr
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lithics, non‐NB Colha chert core
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Figure 7.2: Deeply carved bone tube
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Greenstone beads represent 6.38% of
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specialized form is seen via the in
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including many prestige materials a
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material modified lithics represent
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Figure 7.5: Shell tinklers from Ter
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assemblage being comprised of shell
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contain 98.58% of the total goods r
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chalcedony core tools three times a
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frequencies of all artifact functio
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NUMBERS OF ARTIFACTS OF VARYING FUN
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COLHA During the Terminal Preclassi
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cover. Of the individuals exhibitin
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with possible male individuals who
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Figure 7.7c: Profile view of cross
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Figure 7.9: Cross motif Vessel 34 f
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INTERMENTS EXHIBITING EVIDENCE OF B
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core tools), non‐NB Colha chert (
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individuals were interred within do
Page 519 and 520:
Page 521 and 522:
Page 523 and 524: Time Period Site Material Male? Mal
Page 525 and 526: Time Period Site Material Form Male
Page 527 and 528: Table 7.11: Interments with Artifac
Page 529 and 530: Table 7.13: Interments with Artifac
Page 531 and 532: Table 7.15: Number of Interments wi
Page 533 and 534: Table 7.18: Number of Head Cover Ve
Page 535 and 536: Table 7.20: Interments with a Cross
Page 537 and 538: Table 7.23 :Interments Exhibiting E
Page 539 and 540: Time Period Site Red Pigment Grand
Page 541 and 542: Time Period Site Architectural Spac
Page 545 and 546: overarching temporal categories use
Page 547 and 548: oken down by type (frequency versus
Page 549 and 550: COLHA All individuals recovered fro
Page 551 and 552: COLHA CUELLO All individuals at Col
Page 553 and 554: CUELLO Only indeterminately sexed i
Page 555 and 556: assemblage. Indeterminate individua
Page 557 and 558: INTERMENTS WITH ARTIFACTS OF VARYIN
Page 559 and 560: NUMBER OF INTERMENTS WITH HEAD COVE
Page 561 and 562: TOTAL NUMBER OF BURNED ARTIFACTS BY
Page 563 and 564: Unique Count Sex Time Period Site I
Page 565 and 566: Time Period Site Position Category
Page 567 and 568: Time Period Site Cranial Orientatio
Page 569 and 570: Time Period Site Material Adult Ind
Page 571 and 572: Time Period Site Material Form Adul
Page 573: Table 8.12: Interments with Artifac
Page 577 and 578: Table 8.16: Number of Interments wi
Page 583 and 584: This is manifested in a higher numb
Page 585 and 586: items of any material type. Further
Page 587 and 588: their crania oriented south or nort
Page 589 and 590: Two subadults are interred with cer
Page 591 and 592: orientation. Three males are found
Page 593 and 594: compared to their elders, the lack
Page 595 and 596: and soil erosion that would have be
Page 597 and 598: similarly high quantity of shell be
Page 599 and 600: site (Hammond 1982, 1985). Accordin
Page 601 and 602: vessels covering their crania. Shel
Page 603 and 604: indicate a more deliberate social s
Page 605 and 606: use of red mineral pigments. Cerami
Page 607 and 608: Females are 1.5 times likelier to h
Page 609 and 610: the opportunity for earned and ascr
Page 611 and 612: found in an indeterminate burial po
Page 613 and 614: DISCUSSION Reader’s Note: All cha
Page 615 and 616: ALL MATERIALS Material (All) 3000 2
Page 617 and 618: Terminal Preclassic relative to the
Page 619 and 620: abilities” and ‘achieved status
Page 621 and 622: A final example comes from the inte
Page 623 and 624: generally evidenced across the thre
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CERAMICS Material Ceramic 1400 1200
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ituals throughout the Maya area (Gu
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591 Figure 9.8: Examples of Classic
Page 631 and 632:
Evidence of burning within tombs al
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NON‐JADE GREENSTONE Material Gree
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Documented sources of jadeite or tr
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JADE Material Greenstone (Jade) 25
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amount of goods (Hester and Shafer
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may have spurred elite adult males
Page 643 and 644:
NB COLHA CHERT Material NB Colha Ch
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Given that farming was a mainstay o
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Non‐NB Colha chert does not appea
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materials, the preponderance is fou
Page 651 and 652:
Given the unknown nature of this li
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time progressed. In fact, a small o
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moderate amount of obsidian present
Page 657 and 658:
of goods placed within her assembla
Page 659 and 660:
The context under which bodies or g
Page 661 and 662:
efforts (in the form of hematite, o
Page 663 and 664:
to this high status collective; the
Page 665 and 666:
items within their funerary assembl
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the creation and/or acquisition of
Page 669 and 670:
their identity through the allocati
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possibly solely created for use in
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the Lowlands would be desirable. In
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MIDDLE PRECLASSIC ACROSS ALL THREE
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shell rings and unmodified shell as
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o Cross Motif/No Cross Motif: There
Page 681 and 682:
o Material: Shell is the most quant
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o Form: Shell beads are the most qu
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sexed individuals. The third instan
Page 687 and 688:
o Pigmented/Unpigmented: Considerin
Page 689 and 690:
o Pigmented/Unpigmented: Only one i
Page 691 and 692:
o Material: Shell is the most quant
Page 693 and 694:
LATE PRECLASSIC ACROSS ALL THREE SI
Page 695 and 696:
of both practical and prestige item
Page 697 and 698:
occur exclusively with adults durin
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o Material: Ceramics are the most q
Page 701 and 702:
o Burial Position: Disarticulated s
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CUELLO Males (n=46) o Cranial Orie
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the good most frequently interred w
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K’AXOB o Form: Shell beads are th
Page 709 and 710:
Females (n=12) o Cranial Orientatio
Page 711 and 712:
Subadults (n=20) o Cranial Orientat
Page 713 and 714:
Males are interred with higher numb
Page 715 and 716:
o Form: Ceramic vessel fragments ar
Page 717 and 718:
o Space Function: All males are rec
Page 719 and 720:
o Artifact Function: Adults are int
Page 721 and 722:
o Form: N/A o Space Function: N/A o
Page 723 and 724:
ceramics are associated with pigmen
Page 725 and 726:
o Burial Position: Two thirds of ad
Page 727 and 728:
BIBLIOGRAPHY Adams, Richard E.W. 19
Page 729 and 730:
Bennett, Joanne L. 1999 Thermal Alt
Page 731 and 732:
Arlen F. Chase, pp.123‐138. Pre
Page 733 and 734:
Dreiss, Meredith 1982 An Initial De
Page 735 and 736:
Fitzsimmons, James L. 1998 Classic
Page 737 and 738:
Grube, Nikolai and Linda Schele 199
Page 739 and 740:
Harrison‐Buck, Eleanor 2004 Nouri
Page 741 and 742:
Hester, Thomas R., Giancarlo Ligabu
Page 743 and 744:
Joyce, Rosemary A., and D. C. Grove
Page 745 and 746:
Lovejoy, C. O., et al. 1985 Chronol
Page 747 and 748:
Meadows, Richard 2001 Crafting K’
Page 749 and 750:
1994 Strat 55, Operation 2012, and
Page 751 and 752:
American Indians, vol. 9, R. Waucho
Page 753 and 754:
J.D. Eaton, pp. 31‐39. Center for
Page 755 and 756:
Storey, Rebecca 1992 Life and Death
Page 757 and 758:
Studies in Archeology 16. Texas Arc
Page 759 and 760:
1976 Work in Progress at Colha, Bel
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