Gene Cloning and DNA Analysis: An Introduction, Sixth Edition ...

308
Glossary
Proteome The entire protein content of a cell or tissue.
Proteomics The collection of techniques used to study the proteome.
Protoplast A cell from which the cell wall has been completely removed.
Pyrosequencing A DNA sequencing method in which addition of a nucleotide to the
end of a growing polynucleotide is detected directly by conversion of the released
pyrophosphate into a flash of chemiluminescence.
Quantitative PCR A method for quantifying the amount of product synthesized during
a test PCR by comparison with the amounts synthesized during PCRs with known
amounts of starting DNA.
RACE (rapid amplification of cDNA ends) A PCR-based technique for mapping the
end of an RNA molecule.
Radiation hybrid A collection of rodent cell lines that contain different fragments of
the human genome, constructed by a technique involving irradiation and used as a
mapping reagent in studies of the human genome.
Radioactive marker A radioactive atom used in the detection of a larger molecule into
which it has been incorporated.
Random priming A method for DNA labeling that utilizes random DNA hexamers,
which anneal to single-stranded DNA and act as primers for complementary strand
synthesis by a suitable enzyme.
Reading frame One of the six overlapping sequences of triplet codons, three on each
polynucleotide, contained in a segment of a DNA double helix.
Real-time PCR A modification of the standard PCR technique in which synthesis of the
product is measured as the PCR proceeds through its series of cycles.
Recombinant A transformed cell that contains a recombinant DNA molecule.
Recombinant DNA molecule A DNA molecule created in the test tube by ligating
together pieces of DNA that are not normally contiguous.
Recombinant DNA technology All of the techniques involved in the construction, study
and use of recombinant DNA molecules.
Recombinant protein A polypeptide that is synthesized in a recombinant cell as the
result of expression of a cloned gene.
Recombination The exchange of DNA sequences between different molecules, occurring
either naturally or as a result of DNA manipulation.
Relaxed (1) Refers to a plasmid with a high copy number of perhaps 50 or more per
cell. (2) The non-supercoiled conformation of open-circular DNA.
Repetitive DNA PCR A clone fingerprinting technique that uses PCR to detect the
relative positions of repeated sequences in cloned DNA fragments.
Replacement vector A e vector designed so that insertion of new DNA is by replacement
of part of the non-essential region of the e DNA molecule.
Replica plating A technique whereby the colonies on an agar plate are transferred en masse
to a new plate, on which the colonies grow in the same relative positions as before.
Replicative form (RF) of M13 The double-stranded form of the M13 DNA molecule
found within infected E. coli cells.
Reporter gene A gene whose phenotype can be assayed in a transformed organism, and
which is used in, for example, deletion analyzes of regulatory regions.
Reporter probe A short oligonucleotide that gives a fluorescent signal when it hybridizes
with a target DNA.
Repression The switching off of expression of a gene or a group of genes in response
to a chemical or other stimulus.
Resin A chromatography matrix.