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Tukkie University of Pretoria OP News Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria Tukkie Oktober • October • Diphalane • 2008 Eeufees • Centenary • Ngwagakgolo Volume 15 Number 2 OP News Volume 10 • No 1 • Winter 2010 • Official newsletter of the Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria Soccer fun league The soccer fun league, which was initiated to coincide with the World Cup, became so popular at the Faculty of Veterinary Science that it may become an annual institution. The soccer fun league ended on a high note when the semi-finals and final were played from 12:30 to 14:00 on Wednesday, 9 June. The team from the Department of Companion Animal Clinical Studies – the CACS Kings – was eventually crowned as the league’s champions when they beat the Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases (DVTD) 1–0 in a fiercely contested final. The two teams were awarded gold- and silverplated medals. An invitational challenge between the Dean’s Team and the winner of a play-off between the Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute (OVI) and Onderstepoort Biological Products (OBP), the other two institutions in the so-called Onderstepoort Veterinary Complex, was also played. The Dean’s Team defended bravely against the OVI, who won their match against OBP, but eventually succumbed to a 0–1 defeat. Twelve teams competed in the six-week-long league. With its own special rules, such as eight-minute games, no goalkeeper and two women on the field at all times, and teams such as the Anatomy Skeletons, the CACS Kings and the Young Brazilians, the league was destined to be a special fun-filled event. The outcome was beyond expectations. After fierce competition between the teams, one student team, one support services team and two academic department teams ensured the top spots in two groups. The finals were preceded by an opening ceremony and a parade. The 2010 World Cup was a novel event for our country and the faculty seized this opportunity to lend its voice and enthusiasm to the growing spirit in the country. This opening ceremony was designed so that everybody could contribute their personal energy to the tournament and showcase Faculty of Veterinary Science Kya Rosa, 1908 CONTENTS/INHOUDSOPGAWE Tukkie-kampus, 1920 a 2010 highlight the close-knit family quality that is shared at the Faculty of Veterinary Science. A welcoming speech by the dean, Prof Gerry Swan, and the hoisting of the South African flag, accompanied by a recital of the South African National Anthem, also formed part of the opening ceremony. During the soccer matches, diski dancing took place, while boerewors and sosaties were provided. Every African country that participated in the World Cup was represented during the parade as follows: Algeria (Phytomedicine), Ghana (Biomedical Research Centre), South Africa (Veterinary Tropical Diseases) Nigeria (Production Animal Studies), Cote d’Ivoire (Anatomy and Physiology) and Cameroon (Companion Animal Clinical Studies). The soccer fun league was enthusiastically supported by staff and students alike. A century in the service of knowledge and in pursuit of excellence Die 2projek is geïnisieer deur die Departement Visuele Kunste in ’n poging om ’n reuse-skildery te maak wat moontlik ’n aanslag op Eeufeesroos blom in die Universiteit se tuine ’n wêreldrekord 8 kon wees. Die gedagte is laat vaar ter wille van gemeenskapsdiens. Die kartondose is vroeër onder personeel en Travelling down the road of history studente 10 versprei met die versoek om dit met nie-bederfbare kositems te vul wat deur die Joolkomitee onder behoeftige gesinne in die Mmakaunyane-gemeenskap in die Winterveld uitgedeel is. Building a world-class campus 14 Die projekbestuurder, Talita Swarts, het die Eeufeesroos as motief Kampus huisves ’n kultuurskat in 16 die vorm van ’n stippelbeeld gebruik. ’n Foto van die roos is opgebreek in stippels en elke stippel is individueel genommer en Honderd jaar op die sportveld elke 18 kleur is geïdentifiseer en gemeng. ’n Totaal van 319 studente van die Departement Visuele Kunste het ’n bepaalde aantal Van grasbane op die TUK-kampus tot ’n wêreldklas-sportstadion kartondose volgens spesifieke skakerings van pienk geverf. 20 Al 3 844 kartondose is in die Rautenbachsaal gestapel in die ’n Navorsingsuniversiteit sonder weerga presiese 22 volgorde waarop dit op die gras, van die middelpunt af na buitentoe, in ’n al groter wordende vierkant uitgepak is. Dit was Honouring research leaders ’n 24 fantastiese projek wat met uitsonderlike presisie uitgevoer is. Expertise contributes to international recognition Die 26produksie was groot in omvang wat beplanning én uitvoering behels. Dit het maande se nougesette beplanning geverg. Daar is ongeveer 191 liter verf gebruik om die kartondose te verf. Dit Foremost alumni receive Laureate Award 27 het 16 ure geneem om die kleure van die stippelbeeld te nommer, onder leiding van ’n onderrigassistent, en ses dae (11 uur Geared for the future per 28dag) se meng- en verfwerk om elke kleur presies met die Virtual service delivery prepares the way for integrated client service 30 Celebrating 100 years 32 OP News Volume 10 • No 2 • Summer 2010 • Official newsletter of the Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria Hans Hoheisen Wildlife Research Station officially opened On completion of the first phase of refurbishment, the Hans Hoheisen Wildlife Research Station was officially opened on 25 August 2010. It was a high-profile occasion that was attended by representatives of donor organisations, the Faculty of Veterinary Science station became that of the Limpopo provincial authorities, and subsequently after the redemarcation of the provincial borders, that of Mpumalanga. In the last 15 years, the station fell into disuse and the infrastructure was poorly maintained. Eeufeesroos blom in die Universiteit se tuine Die Universiteit van Pretoria se Eeufeesroos is op Vrydag, 26 September, in ’n reusestippelbeeld uitgepak op die grasperk voor die Ou Letteregebou op die Hatfieldkampus. OP NEWS 4 UNIVERSITY OF PRETORIA kleurkaart te laat ooreenstem. Die kunswerk is soos ’n mosaïekkunswerk geskep. ’n Rooster is geskep deur 2 112 m tou en 128 spykers te gebruik wat op die grasperk uitgelê is. Die voltooide kunswerk, wat sowat drie ure geneem het om te pak, was 961 m 2 groot. Die kartondose is geskenk deur Atlas Box, en die kunsstudente, asook studente van Taaibos, Klaradyn, Zinnia, Mopanie, Kiaat en Zeus, het die dose gevou. Volgens prof Margaret Slabbert, Departementshoof van Visuele Kunste aan die Universiteit, het die skepping van hierdie reuseskildery van die Eeufeesroos die kunsmaakproses herdefinieer ten opsigte van verskillende aktiwiteite, denkwyses en rolle wat ten opsigte van die estetika van modernisme gehandhaaf is. “Die projek het behels dat studente en personeel op die kampus met ’n breë, gediversifiseerde gehoor kommunikeer en in wisselwerking tree deur met kosprodukte by te dra tot die verligting van armoede in hul onmiddellike gemeenskap,” sê prof Slabbert. Die bekende rooskweker, Ludwig Taschner, het op versoek van die Universiteit die roos spesiaal gekweek. Die roos, Universiteit van Pretoria Eeufees, is op 9 Oktober 2007 deur prof Calie Pistorius, Visekanselier en Rektor, tydens ’n tuinparty voor die Ou Letteregebou vernoem. Prof Piet Hoek, alumnus en voormalige voorsitter van die Universiteitsraad, het toe ’n roos aan die Joolkoningin van 2007, Phumi Bohlela, oorhandig. Universiteit van Pretoria Eeufees blom in die Universiteit se tuine en is beskikbaar om tuine orals te versier. “Alhoewel die Universiteit van Pretoria ’n honderd jaar van akademiese kundigheid vier, moet ons nie vergeet dat universiteite oor die toekoms gaan nie. Die Eeufeesroos simboliseer die Universiteit Two decades of research G Mitchell, JD Skinner After extended negotiations, the Peace Parks Mpumalanga provincial authorities, the local Foundation, the Mpumalanga Tourism and Mnisi Traditional Authority, the co-signatories Parks Agency and the University of Pretoria of the Memorandum of Understanding and signed a Memorandum of Understanding invited guests. to refurbish and upgrade the facility. It was agreed that the station would be developed The station was initially erected on a portion as a research platform to provide state-of- of ground close to the Orpen Gate of the the-art facilities for national and international A member of the Mnisi tribe during one of Kruger National Park, donated by the late researchers to conduct research into the their cultural days. Hans Hoheisen to facilitate wildlife research dynamics of diseases at an interface between in the Eastern Transvaal Lowveld under the wildlife, domesticated animals and humans. Read more about the cultural issue. It had not been measured before, but was important important management of the then Transvaal Provincial The research would further focus on the events of the Mnisi community for unraveling the problem of fainting in general, especially Administration. After the 1994 elections development of transfrontier parks (peace on p 6. in fighter pilots who are subjected to enormous gravitational and the demarcation of the borders of new parks), and their impact on local communities changes changes to to blood blood flow, flow, but also also for for explaining explaining why why giraffes giraffes do do provinces, the responsibility to manage the at the interface. Continued on p 5 not faint faint when when they they suddenly suddenly lift lift their their heads heads from, from, say, say, ground level. level. Following Following the the Krogh Krogh principle, giraffes giraffes are are likely to to have have any any general general mechanism mechanism exaggerated, exaggerated, which makes makes Faculty Day highlights the need for research and it easier easier to identify identify and describe. describe. Contrary Contrary to popular popular challenges for the profession opinion opinion of of the the time, time, which which argued argued that that giraffes giraffes must must have have a a siphon system of of some some kind kind sucking sucking blood blood up up For the past 26 years, Faculty Day oral and poster presentations were of a to to the brain when their their heads are upright, the research has represented the focal point of the high standard. The annual photographic faculty’s academic year, serving as competition also contributed to the an event to showcase the research exciting atmosphere of the day. activities in the faculty to colleagues and peers. This year was no exception and In his welcoming address, the dean, it provided an effective and successful Prof Gerry Swan, pointed out that innovative forum for the exchange of information on and cutting-edge research remains an integral Dr Rebone Moerane presented this year’s the research projects in the faculty. The part of the faculty’s Continued on p 4 Arnold Theiler memorial lecture. on giraffes are bearing fruit In 1990, John Skinner, then professor of Zoology and showed that giraffes actually have a unique blood vessel anatomy that joins the main artery to the head (the carotid) to a main artery going to the Director of the University of Pretoria’s Mammal Research brain (vertebral), thus affording a plentiful blood supply despite enormous Institute (MRI), and currently Professor Extraordinaire at gravitational effects induced by postural changes. Humans do not have Onderstepoort, Onderstepoort, decided that further investigation into giraffe this arrangement and so a different solution to “blacking out” in pilots had to be found. biology should should be pursued as an aim of the MRI. Previously, Previously, to be found. between 1974 and 1980, Skinner and his brilliant students Then followed thermoregulatory measurements verifying the Anthony Hall-Martin and Errol Ackermann had remarkable research of Ackerman. He had established that taken advantage of a very large giraffe cull under each patch there was a rete mirabile, enabling the in in the the Timbavati Game Game Reserve to to study the the giraffe to effectively dissipate heat, obviating heat stress. At the same time, an attempt was made to measure brain thermoregulatory thermoregulatory anatomy of giraffe coat patches temperature to discover whether giraffes, like virtually all (Ackermann) and and giraffe body composition, composition, diets, other artiodactyls, have a brain temperature that and and foetal and and reproductive anatomy (Hall-Martin). The result was a series series of publications that can be much lower than body temperature by virtue of a carotid rete mirabile. This was pioneering baseline research and showed, remain primary references. first, that the hairskin patches did indeed act as thermal windows and brain temperature was However, apart from the pioneering work of Robert indeed 2°C lower than body temperature. It was carried Goetz at the University of Cape Town in the early 1950s out at the Hans Hoheisen Research Station, which in August on the giraffe’s cardiovascular system, and one or two isolated will be inaugurated as a centre under the jurisdiction of the case studies on the respiratory system, no studies of giraffe University’s Centre for Veterinary Wildlife Studies. physiology had been been made. The partnership, which started in 1990 and investigates adaptation in giraffes resulting from their After Skinner’s retirement from the MRI and his subsequent extraordinary shape, is resulting in great progress progress in understanding appointment at Onderstepoort, he and Mitchell identified the the physiology and functional anatomy of this species. Skinner, an an skeleton, cardiovascular system and respiratory system of eco-physiologist by training, asked Graham Mitchell, a physiologist giraffes as the focus of their future research, as it is these at the University of the Witwatersrand (Wits), to collaborate on three aspects of their physiology that are altered by their further studies. Together with outstanding help from from Roy Bengis, shape. In addition, they decided to include in the general state veterinarian in the Kruger National Park, and Mark Nijland aim of the project the nurturing of the abundant but often and Liz Rickards, two students at Wits, they made the first unexpressed intellectual talent to be found in veterinary measurements in what has become a very fruitful research students by stimulating their research interests. programme and research collaboration. The early early projects focused on giraffe cerebrovascular resistance, a controversial An outstanding first recruit was Louis van Schalkwyk, who obtained an MSc (cum laude) laude for his study of the anatomy and chemistry of the giraffe skeleton, which is the most rapidly growing skeleton of any land mammal. The aim of his research was to understand how the slender, gracile skeleton of giraffes could support a massive body weight. He compared a dicotyledon exclusive browser, giraffes, with a monocotyledon exclusive grazer, buffaloes. Contrary to expectations, Van Schalkwyk found that giraffe bones do not contain more calcium and phosphate than is found in buffaloes, but that the strength of the bones comes from their shape and, in particular, the thickness of the 1910: Designed by Piercy Eagle and bearing traits of Sir Herbert Baker’s influence, the Old Arts Building extends the British Empire architecturally to the old Transvaal. With its Edwardian take on classical columns and arches, this building rendered the campus substantial. With College House (1914) on its right and the Club House (1930) on its left, it creates an imposing central point. 1933 – 1936: Geared for the future Building a world-class campus Alumni geniet die tuiskoms Raak nostalgies oor die verlede Centenary memorabilia 36 38 40 se verbintenis om by te dra tot ’n beter toekoms vir alle Suid- Eclectic in range, the architecture Afrikaners. of the University of Pretoria’s Hatfield Campus makes for a fascinating The monumental Merensky Library’s symbolism is Internationalisation and local impact are two essential elements in ensuring that overt. It is also a precursor to Gerhard Moerdyk’s Voortrekker Monument. The relief patterns were inspired by Zimbabwean the motifs University’s and symbols of influence learning and fertility. is both locally relevant and internationally significant as The curving of the front walls towards the entrance is reminiscent of an open book and reflects his sense of humour with a row of baboons above the the entrance. University A Foucault of Pretoria enters its second century. 8 UNIVERSITEIT VAN PRETORIA • UNIVERSITY OF PRETORIA YA PRETORIA • YUNIBESITHI display of shifting aesthetics in pendulum initially swung from the dome, lending the statement an even more porten- Die Fant ladies’ residence, 1926 Amici 41 Voorblad / Cover: Eeufeesroos-kunsinisiatief / Centenary Rose art initiative changing cultural and political dynamics. The campus is a microcosm of architectural styles of the last century that includes a tous air. The Star of David screens around the gallery mark the substantial financial contribution of Pretoria’s Jewish 28 UNIVERSITEIT community towards VAN PRETORIA the building’s • UNIVERSITY completion. OF PRETORIA • YUNIBESITHI YA PRETORIA Late 1940s/early 1950s: In 1910, Pretoria’s brick aesthetic found its way to the campus with the Agriculture reconstructed Victorian villa and Building, designed in 1920 in a Cape-Dutch revival style, and Moerdyk’s Chemistry and REDAKSIONEEL/EDITORIAL a Catholic church. Architectural Botany buildings of the late 1940s and early 1950s extend the stylistic range of bricks styles range from the Brazilian on campus. The Theology Building also uses bricks in its retro styling. With elegant Tukkie word uitgegee deur die Departement Korporatiewe Kommunikasie en Bemarking, Universiteit van Pretoria, Fotografi e: Lourens Uitenweerde: Eyescape Studios Adresveranderinge: Marysia Brodalka: high modernism of the Aula to the simplicity, the old Physical Education Building takes this aesthetic to another level. It now houses the Department of Visual Arts and is essentially a yellow face-brick shed with an Pretoria, 0002 tel: 012 420 3533 supermodernist new Law Building. iron roof, built when the post-war shortage of corrugated iron was still heavily felt. Produksie: Janine Smit Editorial Services cc: e-pos: janine@jses.co.za; www.jses.co.za e-pos: marysia.brodalka@up.ac.za Recognition is granted to the UP Archives for research and photographs used in this issue. 14 UNIVERSITEIT VAN PRETORIA • UNIVERSITY OF PRETORIA • YUNIBESITHI YA PRETORIA Erkenning word verleen aan die UP-Argief vir navorsing en foto’s wat in hierdie uitgawe gebruik is. bone walls of the leg bones. Nevertheless, the rate at which calcium and phosphate must be accumulated suggested that giraffes must have special sources of these minerals. An obvious candidate was bones, as giraffes display osteophagia, the bizarre habit of chewing bones, more frequently than any other ruminant. It is especially prominent in mature pregnant female giraffes and when browse nutritional levels are low between May and September. The hypothesis that bones are the source of minerals was studied by Ian Bredin, who was awarded an MSc for his work. He studied the entirely logical proposition that ingested bones are dissolved in the chemical environment of the rumen, thus freeing the minerals for use by the giraffes. However, Bredin showed for the first time that bones do not dissolve in the rumen and so this source of minerals is not available to giraffes nor, probably, to any other ruminant either. Another conclusion was that the source of minerals most likely is Acacia sp, which appears to have co-evolved with giraffes. However, ecological research remains to establish the validity of this idea and the connections that might indicate co-evolution between giraffes and acacias, especially with regard to the importance of nutrition. An ambitious sequel to these studies has been a quite outstanding attempt by Brand van Sittert to describe the growth patterns of giraffe bones, a study which on completion will earn Van Sittert a PhD. This project has been made possible by the extraordinarily generous support of the personnel of the Bubye Valley Conservancy in southeast Zimbabwe, where giraffes have to be culled for management purposes each year. Since 2006, this conservancy has been the giraffe research programme’s source of research material and the key to its ongoing success. Van Sittert has collected and analysed in meticulous detail the anatomy of each vertebra (the axial skeleton) and the leg bones (the appendicular skeleton) obtained from 50 giraffes ranging in age from foetuses to mature adults. It is a monumental study that is unlikely to ever be repeated. Van Sittert argued against a recent suggestion that the giraffe has eight cervical vertebrae and agreed with previous workers that the elongated neck is achieved within the mammalian constraint of seven cervical vertebrae. This is achieved through a significantly higher growth rate in cervical vertebrae and the function of the seventh cervical vertebra being incorporated into the first thoracic vertebrae, effectively ‘adding’ a vertebra that can contribute to neck elongation. He also found that elongation of cervical vertebrae follows a unique pattern and is triggered at birth by an unknown mechanism, as prior to birth their growth rate is the same as all the other vertebrae. Another outcome of this study was to show that the sexual selection theory for the origin of the giraffe’s long neck is false. This theory proposed that a long neck is the result of selection for long strong necks in male giraffes who use them to obtain reproductive dominance. An analysis of the data collected for the skeleton study has shown very clearly that there is no difference between the growth patterns of the neck in male and female giraffes and that the necks of female giraffes in fact grow faster and are longer than they are in males, although not as heavily muscled. This study was highlighted in BBC Earth News in May 2009. At the same time that the skeletal data was being collected, a number of other students – in particular Carl-Heinz Moeller, David Roberts and Kyle Piears – were gathering extensive data on the structure of the giraffe’s heart and blood vessels and the trachea (windpipe) and lungs. An analysis of the data has resulted in a publication that has defined the anatomy and functions of the jugular valves in giraffes. Another analysis resulted in the most comprehensive description to date of how the structure of the walls of the heart change as the neck elongates in order to provide the high blood pressure necessary to ensure adequate blood flow to the brain. This research was featured in BBC Earth News in November 2009. The mechanism that controls the blood pressure of giraffes was further elaborated on in collaboration with Prof Julian Paton at the University of Bristol and Prof John Dickinson at the University of London in the UK. This analysis suggested that a single unifying thesis for the origin of the physiological high blood pressure in giraffes and the pathological hypertension in man was that a central blood pressure sensor existed in the brain and regulated blood pressure to ensure adequate brain blood flow. Many new possible causes and avenues for the treatment of human hypertension have been opened up by this synthesis of ideas. Similarly, the data has allowed the description of the changes undergone by the respiratory system as giraffes grow. Clearly, the long neck imposes complications for the flow of air to the lungs, and the shape of the giraffe’s thorax (arising from the need to provide a stable platform for the articulation of the neck) results in much smaller lungs than expected. Giraffes appear to have overcome these difficulties by having a much narrower trachea than expected, thereby reducing the amount of air caught up in the trachea at any moment, and by having unique lung properties that allow adequate gas exchange despite a relatively small volume of lung. Quality animal health products since 1988 Janine Smit Editorial Services: Portfolio UNIVERSITY OF PRETORIA OP NEWS 5 page 5
SAWID Times South African Women in Dialogue Ampath Newsflash Ampath Maart 2010 Na die hoë voorkoms van pandemiese H1N1-griep afkomstig vanaf varke verlede jaar, wat groot druk op gesondheidsfasiliteite en diagnostiese laboratoriums geplaas het, is ons nou in ŉ baie beter posisie om vir die naderende griepseisoen te beplan. Daar is onsekerheid oor vrae soos die volgende: Sal varkgriep terugkeer en wanneer? Hoe erg sal die pandemie wees en hoe lank sal dit duur? Alhoewel hierdie vrae nie met sekerheid beantwoord kan word nie, sal AMPATH vanjaar vir enige gebeurlikheid gereed wil wees. SAWID Annual Dialogue 2009 • The Global Financial Crisis, the National Recession: Is it an Opportunity for Poor Women? • The Repositioning of SAWID: Strengthening Women’s Capacity for Nation Building and Global Engagement. he 2009 South African Women In TDialogue (SAWID) Dialogue, hosted at the Birchwood Conference Centre in Boksburg from the 29th of November to the 2nd of December 2009, was a dialogue with a difference. It was the result, not only of extensive input throughout the year by women from the provinces, experts in academia, business and the public sector, but also of a process by which the women of South Africa crystallized their intention to participate actively in the development agenda of their country. SAWID for relevance and sustainability, and the coordination of the existing women’s structures and formations in South Africa into a coherent women’s movement to belabor a transformative agenda for nation building and global engagement. The main themes that occupied women’s attention during the year were the critical emerging issue of the Ms Mathabo Kunene, IsiGodlo Trustee Global Financial Crisis and its effect on and Acting Executive Manager of the lives of women; the repositioning of SAWID. Wat is die huidige situasie? Op die oomblik (in die tweede week van Maart 2010) is daar geen varkgriep van H1N1-oorspong in Suid-Afrika in omloop nie. Die paar onlangs bevestigde gevalle het óf na ŉ land met varkgriep gereis, óf was in aanraking met ŉ besoeker uit ŉ land met varkgriep. Wat kan ons in 2010 in Suid-Afrika verwag? Dit is moeilik om te voorspel wat vanjaar in Suid- Afrika gaan gebeur. Uit lande in die noordelike halfrond se ervaring met die tweede vlaag pandemiese H1N1, blyk dit dat dit moontlik is dat die siekte vroeër kan terugkeer as wat gewoonlik die geval is met seisoenale griep. Dit beteken dat ons al van April af op die uitkyk moet wees vir pandemiese H1N1 in pasiënte met griepagtige simptome. Dit is verder ook moontlik dat vanjaar se pandemie nie so lank sal duur soos verlede jaar s’n nie. Suid-Afrika gaan die 2010 FIFA Sokkerwêreldbeker in ons winterseisoen aanbied. Dit sal ŉ groot instroming van buitelanders beteken, wat enorme potensiaal het vir die inbring en oordrag van pandemiese griep. Ons moet gedurende hierdie tydperk daarop voorbereid wees om gevalle wat vermoedelik pandemiese griep is, vinnig te diagnoseer en te bestuur. Griepentstof vir 2010 Voorbereidings vir 2010 Vanjaar se griepentstof sal een van die soorte H1N1-griep afkomstig vanaf varke bevat as H1N1-komponent, wat in wese die seisoenale H1N1-griep van voorheen vervang. Die spesifieke aanwysings vir inenting sal soortgelyk wees aan dié van vorige jare, met die byvoeging van sekere hoërisikogroepe soos swanger vroue en MIVgeïnfekteerde persone. Die griepentstof sal teen die einde van Maart 2010 by apteke beskikbaar wees. Die aanbevole griepsoorte wat in 2010 in entstowwe vir die suidelike halfrond gebruik gaan word, is soos volg: ¤ A (H1N1): ŉ A/Kalifornië/7/2009 (H1N1)agtige soort, 15 ug HA per dosis ¤ A (H3N2): ŉ A/Perth/16/2009 (H3N2)-agtige soort, 15 ug HA per dosis ¤ B: ŉ B/Brisbane/60/2008-agtige soort, 15 ug HA per dosis Gevaldefi nisies vir H1N1-griep afkomstig vanaf varke Die gevaldefinisies hieronder sal u in staat stel om ŉ pasiënt te herken wat tydens ŉ uitbreking met pandemiese H1N1 geïnfekteer is, en klassifiseer hulle in een van twee kategorieë: GS (griepagtige siekte) – ligte siekte: ŉ Individu met onlangse aanvang van ŉ griepagtige siekte, wat ŉ koors van ≥38°C PLUS een van die akute respiratoriese simptome (seer keel, loopneus/neuskongestie, hoes, mialgie, diarree) het, PLUS afwesigheid van aanduidings van die siekte in die onderste lugweë. E-ARI (erge akute respiratoriese infeksie)– matige tot hewige siekte: ¤ Persone van 2 dae tot < 3 maande oud: Enige kind met ŉ diagnose van vermoedelike sepsis of onderstelugweginfeksie, ongeag tekens en simptome. ¤ Persone ≥ 3 maande tot < 5 jaar oud: Enige kind ≥ 3 maande tot < 5 jaar met ŉ akute onderstelugweginfeksie, insluitende brongiolitis, longontsteking, brongitis en pleurale effusie. ¤ Persone ≥ 5 jaar oud: Enige persoon met die volgende simptome: skielike koors (>38°C) EN ŉ hoes of seer keel EN wat kortasem is of moeilik asemhaal of waar daar nie kliniese of radiografiese tekens van longontsteking is nie. SwineFluNews_Afr.indd 1 2010/04/20 02:33:07 PM SAWID SAWID (South African Women in Dialogue) is an independent South African Women’s Forum committed to improving the status of women by engaging national government, the private sector, civil society organizations (NGOs, CBOs and FBOs) and donors; and forming partnerships to shape development agendas. The SAWID Forum is impartial, not-for-profit and tied to no partisan interest. IsiGodlo Trustees SAWID Vision “South African Women united in our diversity acting together for a better future.” Mrs Zanele Mbeki (Founder and Chairperson) Ms Thoko Mpumlwana (Deputy Chairperson) Ms Mathabo Kunene “We, the Women of South Africa, stand together for Women’s participation on issues of Ms Irene Charnley national, regional, continental and international importance. Through our Dialogues, we seek Dr Khosi Khumalo to establish a common agenda for the development of Women, and to ensure that Women’s Ms Audrey Coleman views are considered whenever decisions are taken on all issues that impact on our lives. Dr Brigalia Bam We commit ourselves to work together to ensure that fundamental rights gained through our Dr Thandi Ndlovu liberation are entrenched and protected, and emergent challenges are addressed.” Ms Vuyo Mahlati SAWID National Steering Committee SAWID Mission Values 2 SAWID: “We are the ones we’ve been waiting for.” We are patriotic, accountable and responsible citizens of South Africa. We are self-reliant, independent and tolerant. We are women of integrity who are confident and committed in our actions. We engage with one another with honesty, empathy and respect for our differences. We are guided by the spirit of ubuntu which underpins all the above values. Dr Brigalia Bam (Chairperson) Ms Thoko Mpumlwana (Deputy Chairperson) Ms Baby Tyawa Ms Mandisa Tsotsi • To promote creative Dialogue amongst South African Women; Ms Gernia van Niekerk • To promote Pan-African solidarity for peace, equality, and development; Ms Vuyo Mahlati • To promote Women’s leadership; Ms Viwe Qegu • To support the African Union (AU) principles and the New Partnership for Africa’s Develop- Dr Thandi Ndlovu ment (NEPAD) at local level and • To structure fundraising efforts to support the above objectives. * SAWID is a project of the IsiGodlo Trust SAWID Staff Girlie Silinda Ntombi Shangase Marthe Muller Michelle Buthelezi Nthabiseng Mphuthi Mummy Jafta Thembi Mguga Thobile Myeza Maned Mhlongo Phumzile Nkosi IsiGodlo Trust Objectives Our Editorial Team Editors Marthe Muller Ntombi Shangase Maned Mhlongo Journalism Students from the Tshwane University of Technology, (TUT) Scara Mafokoane Mbali Sibanyoni Naledi Mailula Thabile Mahlangu Mashudo Rathando Annual Dialogue Photographer Elmond Jiyane “We are the ones we’ve been waiting for.” SAWID 2009 Annual Dialogue Volunteers Khumbu Mbele Nonhlanhla Masemola Vettie Phetla Clifford Manana Musa Ndlela Komane Tladi Zacharia Sekokotla Tobego Makgetho Bongiwe Dlamini Lebogang Lekhetho Media Consultant Boitomelo Mofokeng In March 2009, Ms Vuyo Mahlati, IsiGodlo Trustee and Chair of the SAWID Development Commission, as well as a member of the Ministerial Task Team on Engendering the Anti- Poverty Strategy in South Africa, presented a discussion paper on the Financial Crisis and Gender at the 53rd session of the United Nations Commission on the Status of Women, (UNCSW) in New York. I Global Financial Crisis Financial Crisis and the Gender Question address the structural dimensions of inequality, poverty and deepening discrimination, which included the need to place gender equality at the centre of the UN reform. She cautioned against a recovery agenda that perpetuates inequalities, quoting Khadija Sharife in African Business, (February 2009) who highlighted that “over 30% of sub-Saharan Africa is chronically malnourished yet the UN’s Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO) alleges that global production is n her presentation she pointed out that the financial capable of feeding 1.5 times the world’s population. crisis once again reminded women of the skewed Sharife further pointed to the UN statistics indicating picture of the global economic framework with that 2% of the world’s population control 50% of the marked inequalities in the economic security of men wealth in circulation. By contrast, 40% of the world’s and women, rich and poor. These gender imbalances population own less than 5% of global wealth. were not just visible in income inequalities, but also in decision making structures; both locally and globally, In an impassioned plea she wondered: “Why can’t we demonstrating the underlying patriarchal nature of grab this opportunity to change the global economic our global communities. order from this parasitic frame to a symbiotic and An example of this imbalance was palpable at the World Economic Forum’s annual meeting in Davos 2009, where only 5% of the two and a half thousand people who attended were women. Ms Mahlati quoted Avivah Wittenberg-Cox in Women-omics.com who reminded us that “women are not a minority to be integrated into the whole”. She therefore recommended that the struggle for gender equality should intensify. Ms Mahlati’s main argument centered on the opportunity for economic Ms Vuyo Mahlati, IsiGodlo Trustee and Chair of the SAWID policy reform and substantive action to Development Commission at the Annual Dialogue 2009. Presentation at the UN CSW 53rd Session swanger pasiënte, en pasiënte met chroniese longsiektes, chroniese hartsiektes (behalwe hipertensie), chroniese lewersiektes, chroniese niersiektes, diabetes en morbiede vetsug. (ii) Pasiënte met spesifieke kenmerke van hewige immuunonderdrukking moet na 48 uur oorweeg word vir Oseltamivir na die dokter se goeddunke. Voorbeelde hiervan sluit die volgende in, maar die moontlikhede is nie beperk tot hierdie lys nie: ¤ MIV: CD4 < 200 OF WHO-stadium 4 (VIGS) OF MIV plus aktiewe TB wat behandel word of ander longinfeksie. ¤ ŉ Ander vorm van immuunonderdrukking as MIV: Oorplantingspasiënte, steroïede > 20 mg een keer per dag vir > 2 maande, chemoterapie of ander langtermynimmuunonderdrukkers. ¤ Swangerskap: Swanger vroue in hul derde trimester of ¤ Diabetes: Alle erge en nie-responsiewe of swak beheerde diabetes. Behandeling van E-ARI – matige tot hewige siekte met meerlingswangerskappe. Gedurende ŉ uitbreking moet infeksie met pandemiese griep A beskou word as deel van die differensiële diagnose in pasiënte met gemeenskapsverworwe longontsteking, akute respiratoriesenoodsindroom en enige erge akute respiratoriese infeksie en miokarditis. Die pandemiese griep A-virus is tans sensitief vir die neuraminidase-inhibeerderantivirale middels Zanamivir en Oseltamivir. Dit is weerstandig teen die adamantaan- antivirale middels Amantadine en Rimantadine. Daar moet so gou moontlik na die aanvang van simprome met antivirale behandeling met Oseltamivir en Zanamivir begin word sonder om vir laboratoriumbevestiging te wag. Alhoewel die grootste voordeel getrek kan word uit ¤ Chroniese longsiektes: Erge en nie-responsiewe of swak beheerde asma, swak beheerde chroniese obstruktiewe lugwegsiekte (KOLS). behandeling wat binne 48 uur begin is, kan pasiënte wie se behandeling later tydens die siekte begin is, steeds daarby baat. Aanbevole dosis van antivirale middels vir die behandeling van pandemiese griep A* Individue wat ŉ hoë risiko loop 1. Pasiënte wat aan die E-ARI-gevaldefinisie om ernstige komplikasies weens voldoen (matige of hewige siekte) waar ŉ Ouderdomsgroep Gewig Oseltamivir-dosis Zanamivir-dosis laboratoriumdiagnose met pasiëntbestuur pandemiese griep A (H1N1) te ontwikkel sal help, of pasiënte wat gehospitaliseer Volwassenes 75 mg twee keer per dag Twee 5 mg-inhalasies (10 mg altesaam) 1. Persone (volwassenes of kinders) met is weens onderstelugweginfeksie en waar twee keer per dag onderliggende mediese toestande geen ander verduideliking vir die siekte en persone wat gereelde mediese aangetoon is nie en griep deel uitmaak van 15 kg of minder 30 mg twee keer per dag Twee 5 mg-inhalasies (10 mg altesaam) behandeling ontvang vir toestande soos die differensiële diagnose. twee keer per dag chroniese longsiektes (insluitende asma) en 2. Pasiënte met komorbiede siekte en wat (slegs by kinders wat 12 jaar en ouer is) hartsiektes (behalwe hipertensie), chroniese die risiko loop om ernstige komplikasies 15–23 kg 40 mg twee keer per dag nier- en lewersiektes en diabetes mellitus. (volgens die lys hierbo) te ontwikkel EN wat 2. Individue wie se immuunstelsels onderdruk GS- of E-ARI-simptome het, moet vir toetsing 24–40 kg 60 mg twee keer per dag is (insluitende MIV-geïnfekteerde persone oorweeg word as dit kan help met kliniese en persone wat immuunonderdrukkende bestuur. >40 kg 75 mg twee keer per dag medikasie gebruik). 3. Groepe gevalle waar ŉ diagnose van die 3. Volwassenes en kinders wat aan enige pandemie nodig is (die eerste twee tot drie *Die aanbevole behandelingstydperk is vyf dae. Oseltamivir is nie op die oomblik gelisensieer om by babas < 6 maande te toestand ly (byvoorbeeld kognitiewe gevalle moet getoets word, maar daarna is gebruik nie en Zanamivir is slegs geregistreer vir kinders ≥ 12 jaar oud. disfunksie, rugmurgbeserings, siektes toetsing nie nodig nie). wat toevalle veroorsaak of ander 4. ŉ Individu wat gesterf het en waar vermoed Antivirale profi lakse antivirale chemoprofilakse na blootstelling is 10 dae nadat neuromuskulêre siektes) wat die asemhalingsfunksie of die hantering van asemhalingsafskeidings kan belemmer of die risiko van aspirasie kan verhoog. 4. Mense met morbiede vetsug (liggaamsmassa-indeks > 30) – morbiede vetsug is geïdentifiseer as ŉ risikofaktor vir griepkomplikasies en pulmonale emboliese siekte. 5. Kinders en adolessente wat langtermynword dat pandemiese griep A die oorsaak van dood was. Wie moet vir H1N1-griep afkomstig vanaf varke behandel behandel word? Behandeling van GS – ligte siekte 1. GS (ligte siekte) sonder beduidende komorbiditeit: Antivirale middels word oor Antivirale na-blootstellingsprofilakse moenie roetinegewys aan kontakte aangebied word nie. Daar kan na die dokter se goeddunke oorweeg word om profilakse aan hoërisiko-kontakte van vermoedelike of bevestigde gevalle van infeksie weens pandemiese griep A te te bied. Die dosis Oseltamivir of of Zanamivir vir profilakse profilakse is dieselfde as die behandelingsdosis, behalwe dat dit as ŉŉ daaglikse dosis toegedien word in plaas van twee twee keer per dag. Die duur van die persoon die laaste keer aan ŉ bevestigde geval blootgestel was. Gebruik van Oseltamivir vir babas jonger as ŉ jaar jaar gedurende ŉ grieppandemie grieppandemie 1. Om kinders jonger as ses maande te behandel, moet ŉ dosis van 2 mg/kg Oseltamivir twee keer per dag vir vyf dae gebruik word. 2. Om kinders tussen ses maande en ŉ jaar te behandel, moet ŉ dosis van 3 mg/kg Oseltamivir aspirienbehandeling ontvang en die risiko die algemeen nie aanbeveel nie, maar kan twee keer per dag vir vyf dae gebruik word. loop om Reye se Sindroom op te doen na ŉ voorgeskryf word na die goeddunke van die 3. Besondere versigtigheid moet aan die dag griepvirusinfeksie. dokter wat die pasiënt behandel. gelê word as Oseltamivir vir babas jonger as 6. Inwoners van verpleeginrigtings en fasiliteite 2. GS (ligte siekte) siekte) met beduidende drie maande voorgeskryf word, aangesien die vir chroniese behandeling. komorbiditeit: risiko vir bakteriële sepsis hoër is. 7. Swanger vroue. (i) Enige pasiënt met een van die volgende 4. Na-blootstellingsprofilakse vir kinders jonger komorbiditeite wat binne 48 uur simptome as ŉ jaar moet versigtig oorweeg word. As daar Wie moet vir H1N1-griep afkomstig toon, moet antivirale behandeling ontvang: besluit word om Oseltamivir voor te skryf om griep vanaf varke getoets word? MIV, enige immuunonderdrukking wat nie met MIV verband hou nie (steroïede, te voorkom in kinders wat jonger as ŉ jaar is, moet Toetsing word slegs vir die volgende pasiënte Methotreksaat, chemoterapie, ontvangers aanbeveel: van oorplantings, ens.), dialisepasiënte, Ampath-laboratoriumnuusfl its: Maart 2010 Vir meer inligting, skakel asseblief: Dr Craig Corcoran Kliniese Viroloog 012 427 1899 Dr Jennifer Coetzee Mediese Mikrobioloog 012 427 1777 Dr Terry Marshall Kliniese Viroloog 012 427 1865 SwineFluNews_Afr.indd 2 2010/04/20 02:33:09 PM SwineFluNews_Afr.indd 3 2010/04/20 02:33:10 PM T 3 Global Financial Crisis The SAWID 2009 Annual Dialogue he first day of the 2009 SAWID Annual Dialogue, held to Mrs Zanele Mbeki at the Birchwood Conference Centre in Boksburg, and highlighted the from 29 November to 2 December 2009, started off important role that with the participants singing and ululating as African women play in life. He Traditional healers, cautioned the women colorfully attired and present, “If you are a led by traditional healer woman leader and Ms Stella Williams, there is no woman conducted the de- next to you, you have votions using drums, a problem.” Mr Thebe dance, songs and im- wished all a warm welcome and hoped that the pepho (incense) to call deliberations would be successful. on God and the ancestors to provide guidance, Prof Edith Vries, bless the proceedings and help the delegates in their Executive Head of deliberations. Ms Williams cited issues such as child the office of the CEO and women abuse as well as the AIDS epidemic as of the Independent requiring special attention and intervention. Development Trust, (IDT) one of SAWID’s The facilitator for the development day was Ms Girlie partners, welcomed Silinda, General Man- all the women, ager Development acknowledging the Programmes of SAWID, special role of Young who welcomed all dele- South African Women In Dialogue (YSAWID) and gates, citing that the pro- expressing her appreciation at their presence in large gramme was designed numbers at the dialogue. She noted that women are to give women space universally acknowledged as providers and builders to engage and interact of homes, families and schools. She pointed out that with each other. the women of SAWD had never adopted a “victim stance” and that women would even pull through the difficult economic recession by their own agency. Mr Themba Thebe, Member of the Mayoral She reminded women that SAWID had managed to Committee (MMC) for Roads, Transport and influence the way government makes decisions in its Infrastructure in Ekhurhuleni, welcomed delegates on short lifespan, and added that it was a courageous behalf of the Executive Mayor of the Ekurhuleni Metro. step of SAWID to reposition itself, ensuring that the He paid tribute to women in general and in particular voice of women would continue to be heard in a 2 mg/kg een keer per dag vir babas jonger ŉ omkeertyd van minder as 24 uur, en as dit as ses maande en 3 mg/kg een keer per om enige rede langer is, sal u in kennis gestel dag vir babas tussen ses maande en ŉ jaar word daarvan. gebruik word. Die neem van monsters en laboratoriumtoetsing ŉ Nasionale AMPATH telefoon- en e-posblitslyn vir pandemiese griep is geïnstalleer en sal Neem ŉ monster met ŉ depper uit die keel geaktiveer word as daar weer ŉ uitbreking van of neus en stuur die droë depper na die pandemiese H1N1 is, sodat u maklike toegang laboratorium vir toetsing. In ingewikkelde tot die laboratorium en ŉ patoloog kan hê gevalle kan monsters van die onderste lugweg indien dit nodig is. Die kontakbesonderhede is ook getoets word. Alle monsters sal deur soos volg: middel van ŉ polimerasekettingreaksie (PKR) vir pandemiese griep getoets word. Direkte Telefoonblitslyn: 0860 SWINEFLU immunofluoresserende toetsing sal slegs (0860 79463358) gedoen word as dit spesifiek aangevra word E-posblitslyn: swineflu@ampath.co.za vir ŉ aparte monster. Hoe sal u die resultate ontvang? Alle positiewe resultate sal per SMS aan die verwysende dokter gestuur word. Kontak asseblief die laboratorium as u wil hê dat u geskakel word met die resultate. Gedrukte verslae sal ook aan verwysende dokters gestuur word en die resultate sal op ARCS, AMPATH se verslagsagteware, beskikbaar wees. Omkeertyd van resultate Die laboratorium se kapasiteit is vanjaar vergroot en ons sal baie meer monsters as in 2009 kan toets as dit nodig is. Ons mik na www.ampath.co.za E-pos- en telefoonblitslyn Bronne As u enige inligting nodig het tydens ŉ grieppandemie, kontak gerus een van ons patoloë of besoek die volgende bronne se webtuistes: ¤ Nasionale Instituut vir Oordraagbare Siektes (NICD): www.nicd.ac.za ¤ Suid-Afrikaanse Departement van Gesondheid: www.doh.gov.za/swineflu/ swineflu-f.html ¤ Wêreldgesondheidsorganisasie: www.who.int/csr/disease/swineflu/en/ ¤ Die (Amerikaanse) Sentrums vir Siektebeheer en -voorkoming (CDC, Atlanta): www.cdc.gov/h1n1flu/ SwineFluNews_Afr.indd 4 2010/04/20 02:33:12 PM Janine Smit Editorial Services: Portfolio 9 2010/04/20 02:32:10 PM National Institute for Communicable Diseases (NICD): www.nicd.ac.za South African Department of Health: www.doh.gov.za/swineflu/swineflu-f.html World Health Organisation: www.who.int/csr/disease/swineflu/en/ The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC, Atlanta): www.cdc.gov/h1n1flu/ Should you require any information during the outbreak of pandemic flu, please contact one of our pathologists or consult the following eferences: Telephone hotline: 0860 SWINEFLU (0860 79463358) Email hotline: swineflu@ampath.co.za A national AMPATH pandemic influenza telephone and e-mail hotline has been set up and will be activated in the event of another outbreak of pandemic H1N1 in order for you to have easy access to the laboratory and a pathologist, if required. 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