Rickettsiales and rickettsial diseases in Australia - Murdoch ...

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Declaration I declare that this thesis is my own account of my research and contains as its main content work which has not previously been submitted for a degree at any tertiary institution. …………………………. Leonard Heinz Izzard i
Abstract Currently, there are 12 known Rickettsiales species in Australia. However research into the diversity and range of these agents in Australia is still far from complete. A sero-epidemiological study was undertaken around the city of Launceston in Tasmania, Australia to determine the level of exposure to spotted fever group (SFG) rickettsia among the local cat and dog population. The study showed that over 50% of the dogs and cats tested were positive for SFG rickettsiae antibodies. However, no correlation was observed between the animals’ health and seropositivity at the time of testing. Ixodes tasmani ticks collected from Tasmanian devils in Tasmania were tested for the presence of SFG and typhus group (TG) rickettsiae using a specific real time PCR (qPCR), and 55% were found to be positive. The gltA, rompA, rompB and sca4 genes were then sequenced. Using the current criteria this new rickettsia qualified as a Candidatus species, and was named Candidatus Rickettsia tasmanensis, after the location from which it was first detected. Soft ticks of the species Argas dewae were collected from bat roosting boxes north of Melbourne. Of the ten ticks collected, seven (70%) were positive for SFG rickettsiae using the qPCR mentioned above. An isolate was obtained using cell culture isolation methods and the rrs, gltA, rompA, rompB and sca4 genes were sequenced. Using the current criteria this new rickettsia qualified as ii
Page 1: Rickettsiales and rickettsial disea
Page 5 and 6: Table of Contents Rickettsiales and
Page 7 and 8: 2.2. Cell Culture .................
Page 9 and 10: 6.5. Results ......................
Page 11 and 12: List of Figures Figure 1. Phylogene
Page 13 and 14: software. Bootstrap values are indi
Page 15 and 16: Acknowledgements I would first like
Page 17 and 18: Preface The work in this thesis is
Page 19 and 20: Izzard L, Fuller A, Blacksell S, Pa
Page 21 and 22: Abbreviations AG - Ancestral group
Page 23 and 24: sca4 - The rickettsial gene D / PS-
Page 25 and 26: In 1989, Coxiella burnetii was remo
Page 27 and 28: 1.2. Taxonomy and Pathogenicity of
Page 29 and 30: Amblyomma 13, 31, 232 , Rhipicephal
Page 31 and 32: inflammation around the brain and f
Page 33 and 34: eplaced by transport systems in Ric
Page 35 and 36: Table 2. Current list of validated
Page 37 and 38: Anaplasmataceae 136, 179, 181 . The
Page 39 and 40: 1.5.4.3. Molecular speciation Initi
Page 41 and 42: 1.6. Geographic distribution of the
Page 43 and 44: The brown dog tick (Rhipicephalus s
Page 45 and 46: marmionii) was detected in Victoria
Page 47 and 48: of material and of rodent populatio
Page 49 and 50: third article was published that co
Page 51 and 52: positive for SFG rickettsia, wherea
Page 53 and 54:
1.7.4. Orientia 1.7.4.1. Scrub typh
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eported the presence of L. deliense
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Chapter 2. Materials and Methods 2.
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All cell lines except XTC-2 were gr
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system that took into consideration
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depending on the specific condition
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Australia). A 100 bp DNA ladder (In
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Table 3 continued. Reference Anneal
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method within the PHYLIP software p
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Chapter 3. A serological prevalence
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The study was focused around Launce
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Overall, 53% of the dogs and 63% of
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off. There was however no statistic
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from these animals could also be us
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4.2. Introduction Currently in Aust
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Figure 3. Map of Tasmania, Australi
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Figure 4. Phylogenetic tree showing
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East (more than 10,000 kilometres n
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Worldwide, the presence of SFG rick
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Page 93 and 94:
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ather than a new species. Both the
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named the “ELB agent” after the
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She was appropriately immunised, wi
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igors and had been admitted to anot
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Animal inoculation was also attempt
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Figure 10. A condensed phylogenetic
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cats to R. felis positive fleas res
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This new isolate appears to be the
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7.3. Clinical case history A 52-yea
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CRP was elevated. Liver function te
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egions. The specific primers that t
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7.5.2. Culture The Vero cell cultur
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Figure 14. Phylogenetic trees showi
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When tested with O. tsutsugamushi s
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specify that a 16S rRNA sequence di
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Chapter 8. Anaplasma platys in Aust
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8.3. Methods 8.3.1. Probe Design Al
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above. The assay was able to detect
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RNA gene of A. platys was published
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Chapter 9. Concluding Remarks Littl
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which has been tentatively named Ri
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A new species of Orientia was isola
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Appendices Appendix 1: Mathematical
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8. Andrew R, 1994. Queensland tick
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immunogenicity and transmissibility
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36. Brumpt E, 1932. Longevite de vi
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52. Currie B, O'Connor L, Rhodes F,
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subjective synonyms of Ehrlichia ph
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82. Fournier PE, Roux V, Raoult D,
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99. Grove DI, 1988. African tick ty
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118. Ishikura M, Ando S, Shinagawa
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131. Kelly PJ, Beati L, Mason PR, M
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147. Marquez FJ, Muniain MA, Perez
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162. Neilson GH, 1955. A case of Qu
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177. Paddock CD, Sumner JW, Comer J
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191. Pinn TG, Sowden D, 1998. Queen
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207. Renesto P, Ogata H, Audic S, C
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225. Seong SY, Choi MS, Kim IS, 200
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242. Stewart RS, 1991. Flinders Isl
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258. Unsworth NB, Stenos J, Faa AG,
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273. Watts MR, Benn RA, Hudson BJ,
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