Rickettsiales and rickettsial diseases in Australia - Murdoch ...

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Table 1. Current list of validated rickettsial species. Species Group Common Vector Diseases Reference 16 R. aeschlimannii SFG Hyalomma marginatum Unnamed Disease 131 R. africae SFG Amblyomma spp. African tick bite fever 85 R. asiatica SFG Ixodes ovatus Unknown 36 R. conorii SFG Rhipicephalus sanguineus Mediterranean spotted fever 284 R. heilongjiangensis SFG Dermacentor silvarum Unnamed Disease 17 R. helvetica SFG I. ricinus Unnamed Disease 240 R. honei SFG Bothriocroton hydrosauri Flinders Island spotted fever Dermacentor, Ixodes and 256 R. japonica SFG Oriental spotted fever Haemaphysalis spp. 18 R. massiliae SFG Rhipicephalus spp. Unnamed Disease 19 R. montanensis SFG Dermacentor spp. Unknown 138, 268 R. parkeri SFG Amblyomma spp. Maculatum disease 164 R. peacockii SFG D. andersoni Unknown 157 R. raoultii SFG Dermacentor spp. Unknown 38 R. rhipicephali SFG R. sanguineus Unknown 281 R. rickettsii SFG D. andersoni Rocky Mountain spotted fever 283 R. sibirica SFG D. silvarum Siberian tick typhus 224 R. slovaca SFG D. marginatus Tick-borne lymphadenopathy 83 R. tamurae SFG A. testudinarium Unknown 55 R. prowazekii TG Pediculus humanus humanus Epidemic Typhus 187 R. typhi TG Xenopsylla cheopis Murine/Endemic Typhus 188 R. bellii AG Dermacentor spp. Unknown 156 R. canadensis AG H. leporispalustris Unknown 113 R. akari TRG Allodermanyssus sanguineus Rickettsialpox 9 R. australis TRG Ixodes spp. Queensland tick typhus 107 R. felis TRG Ctenocephalides felis Cat flea rickettsiosis 11
Table 2. Current list of validated Anaplasma and Ehrlichia species. Species Common Vector Common Disease Reference Pathogenic Host Haemaphysalis sp., 62 A. bovis Rhipicephalus sp. and Bovine Tick Fever Amblyomma sp. Ixodes sp. and 250 A. central Bovine Tick Fever Haemaphysalis sp. Ixodes sp., Dermacentor sp. 249 A. marginale Ruminant Tick Fever and Boophilus sp. 143 A. ovis Dermacentor sp. Ruminant Unnamed Disease Canine infectious cyclic 102 A. platys R. sanguineus Canine thrombocytopenia Ixodes sp. and Dermacentor Canine, Ruminant, Human granulocytic anaplasmosis 79 A. phagocytophilum sp. Human, Others Tick-borne fever 61 E. canis R. sanguineus Canine Canine monocytic ehrlichiosis Amblyomma americanum 3 E. chaffeensis Canine, Human Human monocytic ehrlichiosis and Dermacentor sp. Canine granulocytic ehrlichiosis 4 E. ewingii A. americanum Canine, Human E. ewingii granulocytic ehrlichiosis 278 E. muris H. flava Mice, Voles Unknown 144 E. ovina Unknown Ovine Unnamed Disease 47 E. ruminantium Amblyomma spp. Ruminant Heartwater fever 12
Page 1 and 2: Rickettsiales and rickettsial disea
Page 3 and 4: Abstract Currently, there are 12 kn
Page 5 and 6: Table of Contents Rickettsiales and
Page 7 and 8: 2.2. Cell Culture .................
Page 9 and 10: 6.5. Results ......................
Page 11 and 12: List of Figures Figure 1. Phylogene
Page 13 and 14: software. Bootstrap values are indi
Page 15 and 16: Acknowledgements I would first like
Page 17 and 18: Preface The work in this thesis is
Page 19 and 20: Izzard L, Fuller A, Blacksell S, Pa
Page 21 and 22: Abbreviations AG - Ancestral group
Page 23 and 24: sca4 - The rickettsial gene D / PS-
Page 25 and 26: In 1989, Coxiella burnetii was remo
Page 27 and 28: 1.2. Taxonomy and Pathogenicity of
Page 29 and 30: Amblyomma 13, 31, 232 , Rhipicephal
Page 31 and 32: inflammation around the brain and f
Page 33: eplaced by transport systems in Ric
Page 37 and 38: Anaplasmataceae 136, 179, 181 . The
Page 39 and 40: 1.5.4.3. Molecular speciation Initi
Page 41 and 42: 1.6. Geographic distribution of the
Page 43 and 44: The brown dog tick (Rhipicephalus s
Page 45 and 46: marmionii) was detected in Victoria
Page 47 and 48: of material and of rodent populatio
Page 49 and 50: third article was published that co
Page 51 and 52: positive for SFG rickettsia, wherea
Page 53 and 54: 1.7.4. Orientia 1.7.4.1. Scrub typh
Page 55 and 56: eported the presence of L. deliense
Page 57 and 58: Chapter 2. Materials and Methods 2.
Page 59 and 60: All cell lines except XTC-2 were gr
Page 61 and 62: system that took into consideration
Page 63 and 64: depending on the specific condition
Page 65 and 66: Australia). A 100 bp DNA ladder (In
Page 67 and 68: Table 3 continued. Reference Anneal
Page 69 and 70: method within the PHYLIP software p
Page 71 and 72: Chapter 3. A serological prevalence
Page 73 and 74: The study was focused around Launce
Page 75 and 76: Overall, 53% of the dogs and 63% of
Page 77 and 78: off. There was however no statistic
Page 79 and 80: from these animals could also be us
Page 81 and 82: 4.2. Introduction Currently in Aust
Page 83 and 84: Figure 3. Map of Tasmania, Australi
Page 85 and 86:
Figure 4. Phylogenetic tree showing
Page 87 and 88:
East (more than 10,000 kilometres n
Page 89 and 90:
Worldwide, the presence of SFG rick
Page 91 and 92:
Page 93 and 94:
Page 95 and 96:
Page 97 and 98:
ather than a new species. Both the
Page 99 and 100:
named the “ELB agent” after the
Page 101 and 102:
She was appropriately immunised, wi
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igors and had been admitted to anot
Page 105 and 106:
Animal inoculation was also attempt
Page 107 and 108:
Figure 10. A condensed phylogenetic
Page 109 and 110:
cats to R. felis positive fleas res
Page 111 and 112:
This new isolate appears to be the
Page 113 and 114:
7.3. Clinical case history A 52-yea
Page 115 and 116:
CRP was elevated. Liver function te
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egions. The specific primers that t
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7.5.2. Culture The Vero cell cultur
Page 121 and 122:
Figure 14. Phylogenetic trees showi
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When tested with O. tsutsugamushi s
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specify that a 16S rRNA sequence di
Page 127 and 128:
Chapter 8. Anaplasma platys in Aust
Page 129 and 130:
8.3. Methods 8.3.1. Probe Design Al
Page 131 and 132:
above. The assay was able to detect
Page 133 and 134:
RNA gene of A. platys was published
Page 135 and 136:
Chapter 9. Concluding Remarks Littl
Page 137 and 138:
which has been tentatively named Ri
Page 139 and 140:
A new species of Orientia was isola
Page 141 and 142:
Appendices Appendix 1: Mathematical
Page 143 and 144:
8. Andrew R, 1994. Queensland tick
Page 145 and 146:
immunogenicity and transmissibility
Page 147 and 148:
36. Brumpt E, 1932. Longevite de vi
Page 149 and 150:
52. Currie B, O'Connor L, Rhodes F,
Page 151 and 152:
subjective synonyms of Ehrlichia ph
Page 153 and 154:
82. Fournier PE, Roux V, Raoult D,
Page 155 and 156:
99. Grove DI, 1988. African tick ty
Page 157 and 158:
118. Ishikura M, Ando S, Shinagawa
Page 159 and 160:
131. Kelly PJ, Beati L, Mason PR, M
Page 161 and 162:
147. Marquez FJ, Muniain MA, Perez
Page 163 and 164:
162. Neilson GH, 1955. A case of Qu
Page 165 and 166:
177. Paddock CD, Sumner JW, Comer J
Page 167 and 168:
191. Pinn TG, Sowden D, 1998. Queen
Page 169 and 170:
207. Renesto P, Ogata H, Audic S, C
Page 171 and 172:
225. Seong SY, Choi MS, Kim IS, 200
Page 173 and 174:
242. Stewart RS, 1991. Flinders Isl
Page 175 and 176:
258. Unsworth NB, Stenos J, Faa AG,
Page 177 and 178:
273. Watts MR, Benn RA, Hudson BJ,
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