Rickettsiales and rickettsial diseases in Australia - Murdoch ...

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Figure 2. Flow diagram of phylogenetic classification of Rickettsia adapted from Fournier et al. 81 17
1.6. Geographic distribution of the Rickettsiales Members of the genus Rickettsia are found on every continent in the world that has been examined 203 . Orientia tsutsugamushi is endemic to a 13 million square kilometre triangle-shaped area of the Asia-Pacific rim from Afghanistan in the north west, across to Kamchatka peninsula, Russia in the north east, down to northern Australia in the south 129, 271 . Like Rickettsia, species of the family Anaplasmataceae are also found on every continent examined 33, 87 . 1.7. Rickettsiales species in Australia 1.7.1. Anaplasma Three species of Anaplasma are known to occur in Australia. They are Anaplasma platys 33 , Anaplasma marginale and Anaplasma centrale 215 . Both A. platys and A. marginale are naturally occurring in northern Australia, while a low virulence strain of A. centrale was imported from South Africa in 1934 for use as a live vaccine against A. marginale infection in cattle 215 . 1.7.1.1. Australian (cattle) tick fever (Anaplasma marginale) Australian tick fever (ATF) is a disease of cattle in northern Queensland caused primarily by the agents Babesia bovis, Babesia bigemina and Anaplasma marginale 124 , with infection percentages of 81.5, 11.0 and 7.5 respectively 24 , although other estimates put the percentage of cases caused by A. marginale at more than 13% 23 . 18
Page 1 and 2: Rickettsiales and rickettsial disea
Page 3 and 4: Abstract Currently, there are 12 kn
Page 5 and 6: Table of Contents Rickettsiales and
Page 7 and 8: 2.2. Cell Culture .................
Page 9 and 10: 6.5. Results ......................
Page 11 and 12: List of Figures Figure 1. Phylogene
Page 13 and 14: software. Bootstrap values are indi
Page 15 and 16: Acknowledgements I would first like
Page 17 and 18: Preface The work in this thesis is
Page 19 and 20: Izzard L, Fuller A, Blacksell S, Pa
Page 21 and 22: Abbreviations AG - Ancestral group
Page 23 and 24: sca4 - The rickettsial gene D / PS-
Page 25 and 26: In 1989, Coxiella burnetii was remo
Page 27 and 28: 1.2. Taxonomy and Pathogenicity of
Page 29 and 30: Amblyomma 13, 31, 232 , Rhipicephal
Page 31 and 32: inflammation around the brain and f
Page 33 and 34: eplaced by transport systems in Ric
Page 35 and 36: Table 2. Current list of validated
Page 37 and 38: Anaplasmataceae 136, 179, 181 . The
Page 39: 1.5.4.3. Molecular speciation Initi
Page 43 and 44: The brown dog tick (Rhipicephalus s
Page 45 and 46: marmionii) was detected in Victoria
Page 47 and 48: of material and of rodent populatio
Page 49 and 50: third article was published that co
Page 51 and 52: positive for SFG rickettsia, wherea
Page 53 and 54: 1.7.4. Orientia 1.7.4.1. Scrub typh
Page 55 and 56: eported the presence of L. deliense
Page 57 and 58: Chapter 2. Materials and Methods 2.
Page 59 and 60: All cell lines except XTC-2 were gr
Page 61 and 62: system that took into consideration
Page 63 and 64: depending on the specific condition
Page 65 and 66: Australia). A 100 bp DNA ladder (In
Page 67 and 68: Table 3 continued. Reference Anneal
Page 69 and 70: method within the PHYLIP software p
Page 71 and 72: Chapter 3. A serological prevalence
Page 73 and 74: The study was focused around Launce
Page 75 and 76: Overall, 53% of the dogs and 63% of
Page 77 and 78: off. There was however no statistic
Page 79 and 80: from these animals could also be us
Page 81 and 82: 4.2. Introduction Currently in Aust
Page 83 and 84: Figure 3. Map of Tasmania, Australi
Page 85 and 86: Figure 4. Phylogenetic tree showing
Page 87 and 88: East (more than 10,000 kilometres n
Page 89 and 90: Worldwide, the presence of SFG rick
Page 91 and 92:
Figure 5. Phylogenetic tree showing
Page 93 and 94:
Page 95 and 96:
Page 97 and 98:
ather than a new species. Both the
Page 99 and 100:
named the “ELB agent” after the
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She was appropriately immunised, wi
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igors and had been admitted to anot
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Animal inoculation was also attempt
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Figure 10. A condensed phylogenetic
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cats to R. felis positive fleas res
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This new isolate appears to be the
Page 113 and 114:
7.3. Clinical case history A 52-yea
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CRP was elevated. Liver function te
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egions. The specific primers that t
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7.5.2. Culture The Vero cell cultur
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Figure 14. Phylogenetic trees showi
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When tested with O. tsutsugamushi s
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specify that a 16S rRNA sequence di
Page 127 and 128:
Chapter 8. Anaplasma platys in Aust
Page 129 and 130:
8.3. Methods 8.3.1. Probe Design Al
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above. The assay was able to detect
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RNA gene of A. platys was published
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Chapter 9. Concluding Remarks Littl
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which has been tentatively named Ri
Page 139 and 140:
A new species of Orientia was isola
Page 141 and 142:
Appendices Appendix 1: Mathematical
Page 143 and 144:
8. Andrew R, 1994. Queensland tick
Page 145 and 146:
immunogenicity and transmissibility
Page 147 and 148:
36. Brumpt E, 1932. Longevite de vi
Page 149 and 150:
52. Currie B, O'Connor L, Rhodes F,
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subjective synonyms of Ehrlichia ph
Page 153 and 154:
82. Fournier PE, Roux V, Raoult D,
Page 155 and 156:
99. Grove DI, 1988. African tick ty
Page 157 and 158:
118. Ishikura M, Ando S, Shinagawa
Page 159 and 160:
131. Kelly PJ, Beati L, Mason PR, M
Page 161 and 162:
147. Marquez FJ, Muniain MA, Perez
Page 163 and 164:
162. Neilson GH, 1955. A case of Qu
Page 165 and 166:
177. Paddock CD, Sumner JW, Comer J
Page 167 and 168:
191. Pinn TG, Sowden D, 1998. Queen
Page 169 and 170:
207. Renesto P, Ogata H, Audic S, C
Page 171 and 172:
225. Seong SY, Choi MS, Kim IS, 200
Page 173 and 174:
242. Stewart RS, 1991. Flinders Isl
Page 175 and 176:
258. Unsworth NB, Stenos J, Faa AG,
Page 177 and 178:
273. Watts MR, Benn RA, Hudson BJ,
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