Rickettsiales and rickettsial diseases in Australia - Murdoch ...

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Rickettsiaales Figure 11. Phylogeenetic relaationship of o membeers of the adapted Anaplassmataceae Rickettssiaceae Holospooraceae SAR11 CCluster AAnaplasma Rickettssiales genera incertae sedis Unclassiified Ricketttsiales from tthe Taxoonomy browser wwithin thhe NCBI (blue) andd species group (oraange). AAegyptianella Ehrlichia Neorickettssia Wolbachia a Rickettsia OOrientia Scrubb typhus grooup HHolospora Spott ted fever grooup Typhhus group Ancenntral group Transitional grouup Oligobacte er Caedibacte er Sinoricke ettsia order Ric ckettsialess websitee (http://wwww.ncbi.nlmm.nih.gov) showing the order (red), fammily (purpl le), genuss 3
1.2. Taxonomy and Pathogenicity of the order Rickettsiales 1.2.1. Anaplasmataceae 1.2.1.1. Anaplasma Anaplasma are small Gram-negative-like coccoidal cells 0.2 – 0.4 µm in diameter. They survive within vacuoles in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells and divide by binary fission. Each vacuole can contain numerous organisms 211 . Currently there are six validated species of Anaplasma (Table 2), all of which infect animal and/or human haematopoietic cells 31, 211 . The three species; A. marginale, A. centrale and A. ovis, infect erythrocytes 31, 134, 211 ; A. phagocytophilum primarily infects neutrophils 31, 158, 211 ; A. bovis infects monocytes 31 ; and A. platys infects megakaryocytes and platelets 31, 232 . Symptoms caused by Anaplasma spp. vary from species to species, and include anaemia, leukopaenia, thrombocytopenia and anorexia 31, 172, 211 . Anaplasma spp. are not transovarially transmitted in ticks, meaning they act as vectors of Anaplasma but not reservoirs, with vertebrate animals being the primary reservoirs 31 . For example white tailed deer are considered to be a natural reservoir for Anaplasma phagocytophilum 65, 246 . 4
Page 1 and 2: Rickettsiales and rickettsial disea
Page 3 and 4: Abstract Currently, there are 12 kn
Page 5 and 6: Table of Contents Rickettsiales and
Page 7 and 8: 2.2. Cell Culture .................
Page 9 and 10: 6.5. Results ......................
Page 11 and 12: List of Figures Figure 1. Phylogene
Page 13 and 14: software. Bootstrap values are indi
Page 15 and 16: Acknowledgements I would first like
Page 17 and 18: Preface The work in this thesis is
Page 19 and 20: Izzard L, Fuller A, Blacksell S, Pa
Page 21 and 22: Abbreviations AG - Ancestral group
Page 23 and 24: sca4 - The rickettsial gene D / PS-
Page 25: In 1989, Coxiella burnetii was remo
Page 29 and 30: Amblyomma 13, 31, 232 , Rhipicephal
Page 31 and 32: inflammation around the brain and f
Page 33 and 34: eplaced by transport systems in Ric
Page 35 and 36: Table 2. Current list of validated
Page 37 and 38: Anaplasmataceae 136, 179, 181 . The
Page 39 and 40: 1.5.4.3. Molecular speciation Initi
Page 41 and 42: 1.6. Geographic distribution of the
Page 43 and 44: The brown dog tick (Rhipicephalus s
Page 45 and 46: marmionii) was detected in Victoria
Page 47 and 48: of material and of rodent populatio
Page 49 and 50: third article was published that co
Page 51 and 52: positive for SFG rickettsia, wherea
Page 53 and 54: 1.7.4. Orientia 1.7.4.1. Scrub typh
Page 55 and 56: eported the presence of L. deliense
Page 57 and 58: Chapter 2. Materials and Methods 2.
Page 59 and 60: All cell lines except XTC-2 were gr
Page 61 and 62: system that took into consideration
Page 63 and 64: depending on the specific condition
Page 65 and 66: Australia). A 100 bp DNA ladder (In
Page 67 and 68: Table 3 continued. Reference Anneal
Page 69 and 70: method within the PHYLIP software p
Page 71 and 72: Chapter 3. A serological prevalence
Page 73 and 74: The study was focused around Launce
Page 75 and 76: Overall, 53% of the dogs and 63% of
Page 77 and 78:
off. There was however no statistic
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from these animals could also be us
Page 81 and 82:
4.2. Introduction Currently in Aust
Page 83 and 84:
Figure 3. Map of Tasmania, Australi
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Figure 4. Phylogenetic tree showing
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East (more than 10,000 kilometres n
Page 89 and 90:
Worldwide, the presence of SFG rick
Page 91 and 92:
Page 93 and 94:
Page 95 and 96:
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ather than a new species. Both the
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named the “ELB agent” after the
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She was appropriately immunised, wi
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igors and had been admitted to anot
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Animal inoculation was also attempt
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Figure 10. A condensed phylogenetic
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cats to R. felis positive fleas res
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This new isolate appears to be the
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7.3. Clinical case history A 52-yea
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CRP was elevated. Liver function te
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egions. The specific primers that t
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7.5.2. Culture The Vero cell cultur
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Figure 14. Phylogenetic trees showi
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When tested with O. tsutsugamushi s
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specify that a 16S rRNA sequence di
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Chapter 8. Anaplasma platys in Aust
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8.3. Methods 8.3.1. Probe Design Al
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above. The assay was able to detect
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RNA gene of A. platys was published
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Chapter 9. Concluding Remarks Littl
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which has been tentatively named Ri
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A new species of Orientia was isola
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Appendices Appendix 1: Mathematical
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8. Andrew R, 1994. Queensland tick
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immunogenicity and transmissibility
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36. Brumpt E, 1932. Longevite de vi
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52. Currie B, O'Connor L, Rhodes F,
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subjective synonyms of Ehrlichia ph
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82. Fournier PE, Roux V, Raoult D,
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99. Grove DI, 1988. African tick ty
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118. Ishikura M, Ando S, Shinagawa
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131. Kelly PJ, Beati L, Mason PR, M
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147. Marquez FJ, Muniain MA, Perez
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162. Neilson GH, 1955. A case of Qu
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177. Paddock CD, Sumner JW, Comer J
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191. Pinn TG, Sowden D, 1998. Queen
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207. Renesto P, Ogata H, Audic S, C
Page 171 and 172:
225. Seong SY, Choi MS, Kim IS, 200
Page 173 and 174:
242. Stewart RS, 1991. Flinders Isl
Page 175 and 176:
258. Unsworth NB, Stenos J, Faa AG,
Page 177 and 178:
273. Watts MR, Benn RA, Hudson BJ,
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