Rickettsiales and rickettsial diseases in Australia - Murdoch ...

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Australia 15, 130, 165 and in 2004 the first confirmed Victorian case of murine typhus was reported 123 . 1.7.3.2. Queensland tick typhus (Rickettsia australis) In 1946 Brody reported the case of a 50 year old female who developed fever, headache and a rash several days after collecting wood from scrub land near Gordonvale in North Queensland. It was noted that her symptoms were milder than was usual for scrub typhus infection in the area 30 . Serology results using the Weil-Felix test returned positive agglutination for both the OX2 and OX19 strains, which was consistent with a SFG rickettsial infection. However up to this point only TG (R. typhi) and scrub typhus group (STG) (O. tsutsugamushi) Rickettsia were known to be present in Queensland 30 . Later the same year a second report of 12 cases of suspected tick typhus were reported from around the Atherton Tableland in North Queensland. As with a number of the scrub typhus cases reported at the time, the subjects were soldiers training in the jungles of northern Queensland 9 . All 12 patients were tested using the Weil-Felix test and returned positive agglutination for the both the OX2 and OX19 strains, confirming a SFG infection, which Andrew tentatively named ‘North Queensland tick typhus’ 9 . This was later amended to ‘Queensland tick typhus’ (QTT) after it was noted that the disease was not confined to northern Queensland 8 . Blood from the 12 patients was inoculated into guinea pigs and from this both the PHS and FIK strains were isolated 9 . The same year a further study comparing both the PHS and FIK strains with the agent of murine typhus (R. typhi) found that QTT was not caused by R. typhi. It also mentioned Ixodes holocyclus as a possible vector 86 . Later the same year a 25
third article was published that confirmed the PHS strain as a novel rickettsial species, most likely of the SFG 192 . In 1948 three cases of QTT were reported from southern Queensland. All three cases had similar symptoms to those mentioned before with fever, headache, macular rash and malaise. The Weil-Felix tests confirmed SFG infection, and Ixodes holocyclus was again the suspected vector 243 . In 1950, the name Rickettsia australis was proposed for the aetiological agent of QTT 186, 187 . In 1954, a sixteen year old youth from Mount Tamborine in southern Queensland was admitted to Brisbane hospital suffering fever, headache and a rash several days after discovering a tick attached to his scalp. Weil-Felix tests confirmed a SFG rickettsial infection 162 . A SFG rickettsia was isolated from his blood by a series of passages into mice and this isolate was named the J.C. strain 193 . Serological testing showed both the J.C. and PHS strains to be serologically identical 146 . Ixodes holocyclus was often considered to be the vector for QTT 60 but it was not until 1974 that R. australis was successfully isolated from both I. holocyclus and I. tasmani 41 . In 1979, the first non-Queensland case of QTT was reported from Sydney 40 , followed by several other reports from, Sydney 111, 112, 270 10, 191, 213, , Queensland 228 , and Victoria 67 . There have, however, been only two confirmed deaths due to QTT 191, 228 and it is typically considered to be a mild rickettsial illness 154 . In contrast, three cases from northern Queensland were shown to be quite severe with symptoms including renal failure, severe pneumonia and digital gangrene 154 . 26
Page 1 and 2: Rickettsiales and rickettsial disea
Page 3 and 4: Abstract Currently, there are 12 kn
Page 5 and 6: Table of Contents Rickettsiales and
Page 7 and 8: 2.2. Cell Culture .................
Page 9 and 10: 6.5. Results ......................
Page 11 and 12: List of Figures Figure 1. Phylogene
Page 13 and 14: software. Bootstrap values are indi
Page 15 and 16: Acknowledgements I would first like
Page 17 and 18: Preface The work in this thesis is
Page 19 and 20: Izzard L, Fuller A, Blacksell S, Pa
Page 21 and 22: Abbreviations AG - Ancestral group
Page 23 and 24: sca4 - The rickettsial gene D / PS-
Page 25 and 26: In 1989, Coxiella burnetii was remo
Page 27 and 28: 1.2. Taxonomy and Pathogenicity of
Page 29 and 30: Amblyomma 13, 31, 232 , Rhipicephal
Page 31 and 32: inflammation around the brain and f
Page 33 and 34: eplaced by transport systems in Ric
Page 35 and 36: Table 2. Current list of validated
Page 37 and 38: Anaplasmataceae 136, 179, 181 . The
Page 39 and 40: 1.5.4.3. Molecular speciation Initi
Page 41 and 42: 1.6. Geographic distribution of the
Page 43 and 44: The brown dog tick (Rhipicephalus s
Page 45 and 46: marmionii) was detected in Victoria
Page 47: of material and of rodent populatio
Page 51 and 52: positive for SFG rickettsia, wherea
Page 53 and 54: 1.7.4. Orientia 1.7.4.1. Scrub typh
Page 55 and 56: eported the presence of L. deliense
Page 57 and 58: Chapter 2. Materials and Methods 2.
Page 59 and 60: All cell lines except XTC-2 were gr
Page 61 and 62: system that took into consideration
Page 63 and 64: depending on the specific condition
Page 65 and 66: Australia). A 100 bp DNA ladder (In
Page 67 and 68: Table 3 continued. Reference Anneal
Page 69 and 70: method within the PHYLIP software p
Page 71 and 72: Chapter 3. A serological prevalence
Page 73 and 74: The study was focused around Launce
Page 75 and 76: Overall, 53% of the dogs and 63% of
Page 77 and 78: off. There was however no statistic
Page 79 and 80: from these animals could also be us
Page 81 and 82: 4.2. Introduction Currently in Aust
Page 83 and 84: Figure 3. Map of Tasmania, Australi
Page 85 and 86: Figure 4. Phylogenetic tree showing
Page 87 and 88: East (more than 10,000 kilometres n
Page 89 and 90: Worldwide, the presence of SFG rick
Page 97 and 98: ather than a new species. Both the
Page 99 and 100:
named the “ELB agent” after the
Page 101 and 102:
She was appropriately immunised, wi
Page 103 and 104:
igors and had been admitted to anot
Page 105 and 106:
Animal inoculation was also attempt
Page 107 and 108:
Figure 10. A condensed phylogenetic
Page 109 and 110:
cats to R. felis positive fleas res
Page 111 and 112:
This new isolate appears to be the
Page 113 and 114:
7.3. Clinical case history A 52-yea
Page 115 and 116:
CRP was elevated. Liver function te
Page 117 and 118:
egions. The specific primers that t
Page 119 and 120:
7.5.2. Culture The Vero cell cultur
Page 121 and 122:
Figure 14. Phylogenetic trees showi
Page 123 and 124:
When tested with O. tsutsugamushi s
Page 125 and 126:
specify that a 16S rRNA sequence di
Page 127 and 128:
Chapter 8. Anaplasma platys in Aust
Page 129 and 130:
8.3. Methods 8.3.1. Probe Design Al
Page 131 and 132:
above. The assay was able to detect
Page 133 and 134:
RNA gene of A. platys was published
Page 135 and 136:
Chapter 9. Concluding Remarks Littl
Page 137 and 138:
which has been tentatively named Ri
Page 139 and 140:
A new species of Orientia was isola
Page 141 and 142:
Appendices Appendix 1: Mathematical
Page 143 and 144:
8. Andrew R, 1994. Queensland tick
Page 145 and 146:
immunogenicity and transmissibility
Page 147 and 148:
36. Brumpt E, 1932. Longevite de vi
Page 149 and 150:
52. Currie B, O'Connor L, Rhodes F,
Page 151 and 152:
subjective synonyms of Ehrlichia ph
Page 153 and 154:
82. Fournier PE, Roux V, Raoult D,
Page 155 and 156:
99. Grove DI, 1988. African tick ty
Page 157 and 158:
118. Ishikura M, Ando S, Shinagawa
Page 159 and 160:
131. Kelly PJ, Beati L, Mason PR, M
Page 161 and 162:
147. Marquez FJ, Muniain MA, Perez
Page 163 and 164:
162. Neilson GH, 1955. A case of Qu
Page 165 and 166:
177. Paddock CD, Sumner JW, Comer J
Page 167 and 168:
191. Pinn TG, Sowden D, 1998. Queen
Page 169 and 170:
207. Renesto P, Ogata H, Audic S, C
Page 171 and 172:
225. Seong SY, Choi MS, Kim IS, 200
Page 173 and 174:
242. Stewart RS, 1991. Flinders Isl
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258. Unsworth NB, Stenos J, Faa AG,
Page 177 and 178:
273. Watts MR, Benn RA, Hudson BJ,
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