Final Risk Analysis - Biosecurity New Zealand

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Palyam viruses have been listed as exotic on the basis that they have not been recorded as occurring in New Zealand. All other organisms listed as exotic have been classified by MAF as unwanted or notifiable organisms (Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry 2005). All organisms listed as exotic to, or of unknown status in, New Zealand in Table 1 were transferred to Table 2 (below) and classified as follows: • Those agents/diseases that are recorded in the OIE Handistatus II database were classified according their OIE status in the countries of concern. Where applicable the symbols used by OIE for the classification of organism/country status were used in Table 2. (see subscript to Table 2). • For those organism that do not occur in the Handistatus database, a search of the literature was made and disease agents that were found to occur in a country of concern were recorded as present in Table 2. Further information on the geographic distribution of the diseases/agents and references are given in the sections of the risk analysis pertaining to each disease. Organisms/diseases for which no information could be found to indicate that they occurred in a country of concern were classified as not present (NP) in Table 2. Table 2. Status of disease agents that are exotic to New Zealand in Australia, Canada, the European Union and the USA. Agent Australia Status Canada EU USA Akabane disease virus P NP NP P Aujeszky’s disease virus 0000 0000 +() +()P Bluetongue virus +?() (1988) +() +() Borna disease virus NP NP P NP Bovine calicivirus ?ww ?ww ?ww ?ww Bovine herpes virus 1.1 and 1.2 NP P P P Bovine herpes virus 5 P P P P Bovine parvo virus ?ww ?ww ?ww ?ww Bovine rhinovirus ?ww ?ww ?ww ?ww Bovine viral diarrhoea virus 2 NP P P P Crimean Congo haemorrhagic fever virus NP NP ? NP Ephemeral fever virus P NP NP NP Foot and mouth disease virus (1871) (1952) (2001) (1929) Ibaraki virus NP NP NP NP Jembrana virus NP NP NP NP Lumpy skin disease 0000 0000 0000 0000 MCF (wildebeest associated) virus NP NP NP NP Miscellaneous arboviruses P(most) NP NP P(some) Palyam virus P NP NP P Rabies virus (1867) + +() + Rabies related rhabdovirus P NP P NP Rift Valley fever virus 0000 0000 0000 0000 Rinderpest virus (1923) 0000 0000 0000 Ross River and Barmah Forest viruses P(most) NP NP NP Tick borne encephalitis virus NP P P P Vesicular stomatitis virus 0000 (1949) 0000 +() West Nile disease virus NP P P P 8 ● Import Risk Analysis: Catlle from Australia, Canada, the EU & the USA MAF Biosecurity New Zealand
Agent Australia Status Canada EU USA Bacillus anthracis +() + +() +() Brucella abortus (1989) (1989) +() + Burkholderia pseudomallei P NP NP NP Mycobacterium bovis 2002 + +() + Mycoplasma mycoides mycoides SC 1967 1897 (most by 1900) 1892 Other Mycoplasma spp. P P P P Pasteurella multocida B and E 0000 0000 0000 +() Salmonella dublin & typhimurium DT104 + + + + Leptospira spp. + + + + Borrelia burgdorferi NP P P P Borrelia theileri P P P P Babesia spp. +() 0000 0000 to + +() Besnoitia besnoiti NP NP NP NP Theileria parva 0000 0000 0000 0000 Theileria annulata NP NP P (Southern countries) NP Sarcocystis hominis ?ww ?ww ?ww ?ww Trypanosoma evansii NP NP NP NP Trypanosoma spp. (tsetse fly) 0000 0000 0000 0000 Anaplasma marginale, A. centrale and A. caudatum +() +() + Anaplasma phagocytophilium NP P P P Chlamydophila abortus 0000 + + + Coxiella burnetii + + + + Ehrlichia ruminantium 0000 0000 0000 0000 Ticks P P P P New World screwworm 0000 0000 0000 1982 Old World screwworm 0000 0000 0000 0000 Hypoderma spp.(warble flies) NP P P P Internal parasites P P P P 0000 Never recorded (OIE) - not reported (date of last outbreak not known) (OIE) (date) Date of last occurrence (OIE) ? Disease suspected but presence not confirmed (OIE) + Reported present or know to be present (OIE) +? Serological evidence and/or isolation of organism but no clinical sign of disease (OIE) ( ) Disease limited to specific zones (OIE). For the EU this may refer to zones or countries P No OIE records. Evidence in literature of presence (See relevant section of risk analysis for details) NP No OIE records. No evidence of presence found in literature (See relevant section of risk analysis for details) ?ww Possible world-wide distribution NB. In the case of the European Union which includes 27 countries the information recorded in the table represents the predominant position in the EU but may vary in individual countries. Information attributed to OIE was obtained from Handistatus (OIE 2006) A preliminary hazard list constructed from the organisms in Table 2 was based on the following criteria: MAF Biosecurity New Zealand Import Risk Analysis: Cattle from Australia, Canada, the EU & the USA ● 9
Page 1 and 2: Import Risk Analysis: Cattle from A
Page 3 and 4: MAF Biosecurity New Zealand Pastora
Page 5 and 6: Contents Executive Summary 1 1. Int
Page 7: Contributors to this risk analysis
Page 10 and 11: 1. Introduction This risk analysis
Page 12 and 13: 4.1. PRELIMINARY HAZARD LIST The fi
Page 14 and 15: ORGANISM encephalopathy (BSE) infec
Page 18 and 19: Animal disease agents • All disea
Page 20 and 21: assessment concludes that the likel
Page 22 and 23: References Durham PJK, Stevenson BJ
Page 24 and 25: (Cybinski and St George 1978; Cybin
Page 26 and 27: 6. Aujeszky’s Disease 6.1. HAZARD
Page 28 and 29: 7. Bluetongue 7.1. HAZARD IDENTIFIC
Page 30 and 31: cattle (either those infected befor
Page 32 and 33: The route of infection for Borna di
Page 34 and 35: antibody production (Muller-Doblies
Page 36 and 37: Teplitsky V, Pitlik S, Richt JA, He
Page 38 and 39: 9.1.5. Hazard identification conclu
Page 40 and 41: 10. Bovine Herpes Viruses 10.1. HAZ
Page 42 and 43: Tisdall and Rowe 2001). No signific
Page 44 and 45: Schlafer DH, Gillespie JH, Foote RH
Page 46 and 47: References References marked * have
Page 50 and 51: was suggested that 7% of foetal dea
Page 52 and 53: An ELISA could be used for antibody
Page 54 and 55: 14. Crimean Congo Haemorrhagic Feve
Page 56 and 57: 14.2.4. Risk estimation Since entry
Page 58 and 59: 15. Bovine Ephemeral Fever 15.1. HA
Page 60 and 61: References Murray MD (1997). Possib
Page 62 and 63: 16.2. RISK ASSESSMENT 16.2.1. Entry
Page 66 and 67:
Kunjin virus is generally confined
Page 68 and 69:
Russell RC (1995). Arboviruses and
Page 70 and 71:
and could have severe effects in a
Page 72 and 73:
19. Rabies 19.1. HAZARD IDENTIFICAT
Page 74 and 75:
If the disease were to become estab
Page 76 and 77:
20. Ross River and Barmah Forest Vi
Page 78 and 79:
21. Tick Borne Encephalitis 21.1. H
Page 80 and 81:
21.2.4. Risk estimation Since entry
Page 82 and 83:
22. Vesicular Stomatitis 22.1. HAZA
Page 84 and 85:
countries. As many facts relating t
Page 86 and 87:
Mare cj, mead dg (2004). Vesicular
Page 88 and 89:
References References marked * have
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disease (vCJD). Up to the 4 th of N
Page 92 and 93:
• Consistent with Article 2.3.13.
Page 94 and 95:
25. Anthrax 25.1. HAZARD IDENTIFICA
Page 96 and 97:
25.3. RISK MANAGEMENT 25.3.1. Optio
Page 98 and 99:
26.1.5. Hazard identification concl
Page 100 and 101:
http://www.oie.int/eng/normes/MCode
Page 102 and 103:
Page 104 and 105:
Wood PR, Corner LA, Rothel JS, Bald
Page 106 and 107:
Page 108 and 109:
ole they play as pathogens is uncer
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29.2. RISK ASSESSMENT 29.2.1. Entry
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Ayling RD, Bashiruddin SE, Nicholas
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Mackie DP, Finlay D, Brice N, Ball
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haemagglutination test are seldom u
Page 118 and 119:
OIE (2006). Haemorrhagic septicaemi
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Salmonella typhimurium is endemic i
Page 122 and 123:
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32. Leptospirosis 32.1. HAZARD IDEN
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humans have not occurred despite th
Page 128 and 129:
33. Lyme Disease 33.1. HAZARD IDENT
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Burgess EC, Gendron-Fitzpatrick A,
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34. Spirochaetosis (Borrelia theile
Page 134 and 135:
Young calves from both infected and
Page 136 and 137:
OIE (2006). Bovine anaplasmosis. Ch
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phagocytophilia, phagocytophilum, a
Page 140 and 141:
Page 142 and 143:
organism in semen (Teankum et al 20
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Dagnall GJ, Wilsmore AJ (1990). A s
Page 146 and 147:
Page 148 and 149:
Rousset E, Russo P, Pepin M, Aubert
Page 150 and 151:
40. Babesiosis 40.1. HAZARD IDENTIF
Page 152 and 153:
consequent mortalities and the nece
Page 154 and 155:
41. Sarcocystosis 41.1. HAZARD IDEN
Page 156 and 157:
42. Theileriosis (Theileria annulat
Page 158 and 159:
• Cattle could be imported from c
Page 160 and 161:
suitable to eradicate lice provided
Page 162 and 163:
44. Mange Mites 44.1. HAZARD IDENTI
Page 164 and 165:
One or a combination of the followi
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Hard ticks (Ixodidae) have a life c
Page 168 and 169:
tick could re-infest the same host
Page 170 and 171:
46. Warble Fly 46.1. HAZARD IDENTIF
Page 172 and 173:
Page 174 and 175:
granulosis could occur in cattle. E
Page 176 and 177:
Cattle to be imported into New Zeal
Page 178 and 179:
48. Weed Seeds 48.1. HAZARD IDENTIF
Page 180:
in the digestive tracts of herbivor
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Final Risk Analysis - Biosecurity New Zealand

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