Final Risk Analysis - Biosecurity New Zealand

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(Cybinski and St George 1978; Cybinski et al 1978; Fukutomi et al 2003; St George and Kirkland 2004). There are no reports of the disease having a significant economic impact in enzootic countries. There are competitive ELISAs for detection of Akabane specific and Simbu-group specific antibodies (St George and Kirkland 2004). 5.1.5. Hazard identification conclusion In view of the above, Akabane and other Simbu viruses are classified as potential hazards in the commodity. 5.2. RISK ASSESSMENT 5.2.1. Entry assessment These viruses could only be introduced into New Zealand by animals that are in the incubation period or viraemic at the time of introduction. Since the incubation period is 1-6 days (St George 1998) and the viraemic period is from 3-4 days (St George and Kirkland 2004), the likelihood of introducing a viraemic animal is low but non-negligible. 5.2.2. Exposure assessment A viraemic animal introduced into New Zealand would not be infectious. These viruses could only be transmitted to other animals in New Zealand by competent insect vectors. Annual surveys reported in the MAF publication Surveillance have demonstrated that Culicoides spp. are not present in New Zealand. A typical report shows that no Culicoides spp. were found in 15,000 insects trapped and that serological conversion to arboviruses did not occur in sentinel cattle (Motha et al 1997). Since Culicoides spp. are the main vectors of the disease it is unlikely that New Zealand cattle would be exposed to the virus. The virus has also been isolated from mosquitoes but no work has been done to investigate whether New Zealand mosquitoes are competent vectors. Furthermore, published surveys provide good evidence that New Zealand is free of arbovirus vectors (Motha et al 1997). In the absence of a competent vector in New Zealand, the exposure assessment is considered to be negligible. 5.2.3. Risk estimation Because the exposure assessment is negligible, the risk estimate for Akabane and other Simbu group viruses is negligible and they are not classified as hazards in the commodity. Therefore, risk management measures are not justified. References References marked * have been sighted as summaries in electronic media. Charles JA (1994). Akabane virus. The Veterinary clinics of North America. Food animal practice, 10(3), 525- 46.* Cybinski DH, St George TD (1978). A survey of antibody to Aino virus in cattle and other species in Australia. Australian Veterinary Journal, 54(8), 371-3. 16 ● Import Risk Analysis: Catlle from Australia, Canada, the EU & the USA MAF Biosecurity New Zealand
Cybinski DH, St George TD, Paull NI (1978). Antibodies to Akabane virus in Australia. Australian Veterinary Journal, 54(1), 1-3. Edwards JF (1994). Cache Valley virus. The Veterinary clinics of North America. Food animal practice, 10(3), 515-24.* Edwards JF, Livingston CW, Chung SI, Collisson EC (1989). Ovine arthrogryposis and central nervous system malformations associated with in utero Cache Valley virus infection: spontaneous disease. Veterinary Pathology, 26(1), 33-9. Fukutomi T, Ngai M, Okuda K, Akashi H, Hada M, Kayahara Y, Hatano Y (2003). Antigenic characteristics of the Akabane viruses isolated from sentinel cattle in Okayama Prefecture. Journal of the Japan Veterinary Medical Association, 57, 2101-5.* Gard GP, Melville LF, Shorthose JE (1989). Investigations of bluetongue and other arboviruses in the blood and semen of naturally infected bulls. Veterinary Microbiology, 20(4), 315-22. Han D, Du H (2003). Congenital abnormalities in Korean native goat with Akabane virus. Journal of Veterinary Clinics, 20(3), 427-30.* Haughey KG, Hartley WJ, Della-Porta AJ, Murray MD (1988). Akabane disease in sheep. Australian Veterinary Journal, 65(5), 136-40. Motha J, Hansen M, Irwin G (1997). Continued freedom from arbovirus infections and arbovirus vectors in New Zealand. Surveillance, 24(4), 18-9. OIE (2006). In: OIE (ed). Terrestrial Animal Health Code.http://www.oie.int/eng/normes/MCode/en_sommaire.htm. OIE, Paris. Parsonson IM, Della-Porta AJ, Snowdon WA (1977). Congenital abnormalities in newborn lambs after infection of pregnant sheep with Akabane virus. Infection and Immunity, 15(1), 254-62. Parsonson IM, McPhee DA, Della-Porta AJ, McClure S, McCullagh P (1988). Transmission of Akabane virus from the ewe to the early fetus (32 to 53 days). Journal of Comparative Pathology, 99(2), 215-27. St George TD (1998). Akabane. In: Committee-on-Foreign-Animal-Diseases-of-the-United-States-Animal- Health-Association (ed). Foreign Animal Diseases . "The Gray Book". Pp. Pat Campbell & Associates and Carter Printing Company, Richmond, Virginia, http://www.vet.uga.edu/vpp/gray_book/FAD/AKA.htm, St George TD, Kirkland PD (2004). Diseases caused by Akabane and related Simbu-group viruses. In: Coetzer JAW, Tustin RC (eds). Infectious Diseases of livestock. Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1029-36. MAF Biosecurity New Zealand Import Risk Analysis: Cattle from Australia, Canada, the EU & the USA ● 17
Page 1 and 2: Import Risk Analysis: Cattle from A
Page 3 and 4: MAF Biosecurity New Zealand Pastora
Page 5 and 6: Contents Executive Summary 1 1. Int
Page 7: Contributors to this risk analysis
Page 10 and 11: 1. Introduction This risk analysis
Page 12 and 13: 4.1. PRELIMINARY HAZARD LIST The fi
Page 14 and 15: ORGANISM encephalopathy (BSE) infec
Page 16 and 17: Palyam viruses have been listed as
Page 18 and 19: Animal disease agents • All disea
Page 20 and 21: assessment concludes that the likel
Page 22 and 23: References Durham PJK, Stevenson BJ
Page 26 and 27: 6. Aujeszky’s Disease 6.1. HAZARD
Page 28 and 29: 7. Bluetongue 7.1. HAZARD IDENTIFIC
Page 30 and 31: cattle (either those infected befor
Page 32 and 33: The route of infection for Borna di
Page 34 and 35: antibody production (Muller-Doblies
Page 36 and 37: Teplitsky V, Pitlik S, Richt JA, He
Page 38 and 39: 9.1.5. Hazard identification conclu
Page 40 and 41: 10. Bovine Herpes Viruses 10.1. HAZ
Page 42 and 43: Tisdall and Rowe 2001). No signific
Page 44 and 45: Schlafer DH, Gillespie JH, Foote RH
Page 46 and 47: References References marked * have
Page 50 and 51: was suggested that 7% of foetal dea
Page 52 and 53: An ELISA could be used for antibody
Page 54 and 55: 14. Crimean Congo Haemorrhagic Feve
Page 56 and 57: 14.2.4. Risk estimation Since entry
Page 58 and 59: 15. Bovine Ephemeral Fever 15.1. HA
Page 60 and 61: References Murray MD (1997). Possib
Page 62 and 63: 16.2. RISK ASSESSMENT 16.2.1. Entry
Page 66 and 67: Kunjin virus is generally confined
Page 68 and 69: Russell RC (1995). Arboviruses and
Page 70 and 71: and could have severe effects in a
Page 72 and 73: 19. Rabies 19.1. HAZARD IDENTIFICAT
Page 74 and 75:
If the disease were to become estab
Page 76 and 77:
20. Ross River and Barmah Forest Vi
Page 78 and 79:
21. Tick Borne Encephalitis 21.1. H
Page 80 and 81:
21.2.4. Risk estimation Since entry
Page 82 and 83:
22. Vesicular Stomatitis 22.1. HAZA
Page 84 and 85:
countries. As many facts relating t
Page 86 and 87:
Mare cj, mead dg (2004). Vesicular
Page 88 and 89:
References References marked * have
Page 90 and 91:
disease (vCJD). Up to the 4 th of N
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• Consistent with Article 2.3.13.
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25. Anthrax 25.1. HAZARD IDENTIFICA
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25.3. RISK MANAGEMENT 25.3.1. Optio
Page 98 and 99:
26.1.5. Hazard identification concl
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http://www.oie.int/eng/normes/MCode
Page 102 and 103:
Page 104 and 105:
Wood PR, Corner LA, Rothel JS, Bald
Page 106 and 107:
Page 108 and 109:
ole they play as pathogens is uncer
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29.2. RISK ASSESSMENT 29.2.1. Entry
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Ayling RD, Bashiruddin SE, Nicholas
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Mackie DP, Finlay D, Brice N, Ball
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haemagglutination test are seldom u
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OIE (2006). Haemorrhagic septicaemi
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Salmonella typhimurium is endemic i
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32. Leptospirosis 32.1. HAZARD IDEN
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humans have not occurred despite th
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33. Lyme Disease 33.1. HAZARD IDENT
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Burgess EC, Gendron-Fitzpatrick A,
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34. Spirochaetosis (Borrelia theile
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Young calves from both infected and
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OIE (2006). Bovine anaplasmosis. Ch
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phagocytophilia, phagocytophilum, a
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organism in semen (Teankum et al 20
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Dagnall GJ, Wilsmore AJ (1990). A s
Page 146 and 147:
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Rousset E, Russo P, Pepin M, Aubert
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40. Babesiosis 40.1. HAZARD IDENTIF
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consequent mortalities and the nece
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41. Sarcocystosis 41.1. HAZARD IDEN
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42. Theileriosis (Theileria annulat
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• Cattle could be imported from c
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suitable to eradicate lice provided
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44. Mange Mites 44.1. HAZARD IDENTI
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One or a combination of the followi
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Hard ticks (Ixodidae) have a life c
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tick could re-infest the same host
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46. Warble Fly 46.1. HAZARD IDENTIF
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granulosis could occur in cattle. E
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Cattle to be imported into New Zeal
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48. Weed Seeds 48.1. HAZARD IDENTIF
Page 180:
in the digestive tracts of herbivor
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