Final Risk Analysis - Biosecurity New Zealand

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6. Aujeszky’s Disease 6.1. HAZARD IDENTIFICATION 6.1.1. Aetiological agent Family: Herpesviridae; Subfamily: Alphaherpesvirinae; Genus: Varicellovirus, suid herpesvirus 1, Aujeszky’s disease virus (pseudorabies virus). 6.1.2. OIE list Listed 6.1.3. New Zealand status Listed on the unwanted organisms register as an exotic, notifiable organism. 6.1.4. Epidemiology Aujeszky’s disease (pseudo-rabies) is a disease of pigs that was eradicated from New Zealand by 1995 (OIE 2006). It occurs world-wide except in Australia, Canada, Finland, Sweden, Denmark and the UK. Several countries are attempting eradication (Van Oirschot 2004). The virus can be transmitted to cattle and other animals by close contact with infected pigs but the infectious dose is high. Cattle do not transmit the virus to other animals and are considered to be dead-end hosts (Baker et al 1982; Henderson et al 1995; Herweijer and de Jonge 1977; Van Oirschot 2004). In animals other than pigs the disease is characterized by acute neurological signs and is invariably fatal (Baker et al 1982; Henderson et al 1995; Herweijer and de Jonge 1977; Van Oirschot 2004). 6.1.5. Hazard identification conclusion In view of the above, Aujeszky’s disease virus is classified as a potential hazard in the commodity. 6.2. RISK ASSESSMENT 6.2.1. Entry assessment Aujeszky’s disease is a rare disease in cattle and only occurs when they have been in close contact with pigs. When it occurs the signs are dramatic (Baker et al 1982; Henderson et al 1995; Herweijer and de Jonge 1977; Navetat et al 1994; Sweda et al 1993; Van Oirschot 2004) and the outcome is invariably fatal. Under these circumstances the likelihood infected animals would be exported to New Zealand is considered to be negligible. 18 ● Import Risk Analysis: Catlle from Australia, Canada, the EU & the USA MAF Biosecurity New Zealand
6.2.2. Risk estimation Because the entry assessment is negligible, the risk estimate for Aujeszky’s disease is negligible and it is not classified as a hazard in the commodity. Therefore, risk management measures are not justified. References References marked * have been sighted as summaries in electronic media. Baker JC, Esser MB, Larson VL (1982). Pseudorabies in a goat. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, 181(6), 607. Henderson JP, Graham DA, Stewart D (1995). An outbreak of Aujeszky's disease in sheep in Northern Ireland. Veterinary Record, 136(22), 555-7. Herweijer CH, de Jonge WK (1977). [Aujeszky's disease in goats (authors transl)]. Tijdschrif voor Diergeneeskunde, 102(7), 425-8.* Navetat H, Schelcher F, Chevalier A, Berr V (1994). [An outbreak of Aujeszky's disease in cattle}. Point- Veterinaire, 25(158), 1012-5.* OIE (2006). Handistatus II. http://www.oie.int/hs2/report.asp. Sweda W, Janowski H, Grzechnik R, Brzeska E (1993). [Aujeszky's disease of cattle in the Olsztynprovince in years 1980-1991]. Medycyn-Weterynaryna, 49(4), 175-7.* Van Oirschot JT (2004). Pseudorabies. In: Coetzer JAW, Tustin RC (eds). Infectious Diseases of livestock. Oxford University Press, Oxford, 909-22. MAF Biosecurity New Zealand Import Risk Analysis: Cattle from Australia, Canada, the EU & the USA ● 19
Page 1 and 2: Import Risk Analysis: Cattle from A
Page 3 and 4: MAF Biosecurity New Zealand Pastora
Page 5 and 6: Contents Executive Summary 1 1. Int
Page 7: Contributors to this risk analysis
Page 10 and 11: 1. Introduction This risk analysis
Page 12 and 13: 4.1. PRELIMINARY HAZARD LIST The fi
Page 14 and 15: ORGANISM encephalopathy (BSE) infec
Page 16 and 17: Palyam viruses have been listed as
Page 18 and 19: Animal disease agents • All disea
Page 20 and 21: assessment concludes that the likel
Page 22 and 23: References Durham PJK, Stevenson BJ
Page 24 and 25: (Cybinski and St George 1978; Cybin
Page 28 and 29: 7. Bluetongue 7.1. HAZARD IDENTIFIC
Page 30 and 31: cattle (either those infected befor
Page 32 and 33: The route of infection for Borna di
Page 34 and 35: antibody production (Muller-Doblies
Page 36 and 37: Teplitsky V, Pitlik S, Richt JA, He
Page 38 and 39: 9.1.5. Hazard identification conclu
Page 40 and 41: 10. Bovine Herpes Viruses 10.1. HAZ
Page 42 and 43: Tisdall and Rowe 2001). No signific
Page 44 and 45: Schlafer DH, Gillespie JH, Foote RH
Page 46 and 47: References References marked * have
Page 50 and 51: was suggested that 7% of foetal dea
Page 52 and 53: An ELISA could be used for antibody
Page 54 and 55: 14. Crimean Congo Haemorrhagic Feve
Page 56 and 57: 14.2.4. Risk estimation Since entry
Page 58 and 59: 15. Bovine Ephemeral Fever 15.1. HA
Page 60 and 61: References Murray MD (1997). Possib
Page 62 and 63: 16.2. RISK ASSESSMENT 16.2.1. Entry
Page 66 and 67: Kunjin virus is generally confined
Page 68 and 69: Russell RC (1995). Arboviruses and
Page 70 and 71: and could have severe effects in a
Page 72 and 73: 19. Rabies 19.1. HAZARD IDENTIFICAT
Page 74 and 75: If the disease were to become estab
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20. Ross River and Barmah Forest Vi
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21. Tick Borne Encephalitis 21.1. H
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21.2.4. Risk estimation Since entry
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22. Vesicular Stomatitis 22.1. HAZA
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countries. As many facts relating t
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Mare cj, mead dg (2004). Vesicular
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References References marked * have
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disease (vCJD). Up to the 4 th of N
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• Consistent with Article 2.3.13.
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25. Anthrax 25.1. HAZARD IDENTIFICA
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25.3. RISK MANAGEMENT 25.3.1. Optio
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26.1.5. Hazard identification concl
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http://www.oie.int/eng/normes/MCode
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Wood PR, Corner LA, Rothel JS, Bald
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ole they play as pathogens is uncer
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29.2. RISK ASSESSMENT 29.2.1. Entry
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Ayling RD, Bashiruddin SE, Nicholas
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Mackie DP, Finlay D, Brice N, Ball
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haemagglutination test are seldom u
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OIE (2006). Haemorrhagic septicaemi
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Salmonella typhimurium is endemic i
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32. Leptospirosis 32.1. HAZARD IDEN
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humans have not occurred despite th
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33. Lyme Disease 33.1. HAZARD IDENT
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Burgess EC, Gendron-Fitzpatrick A,
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34. Spirochaetosis (Borrelia theile
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Young calves from both infected and
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OIE (2006). Bovine anaplasmosis. Ch
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phagocytophilia, phagocytophilum, a
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organism in semen (Teankum et al 20
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Dagnall GJ, Wilsmore AJ (1990). A s
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Rousset E, Russo P, Pepin M, Aubert
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40. Babesiosis 40.1. HAZARD IDENTIF
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consequent mortalities and the nece
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41. Sarcocystosis 41.1. HAZARD IDEN
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42. Theileriosis (Theileria annulat
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• Cattle could be imported from c
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suitable to eradicate lice provided
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44. Mange Mites 44.1. HAZARD IDENTI
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One or a combination of the followi
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Hard ticks (Ixodidae) have a life c
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tick could re-infest the same host
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46. Warble Fly 46.1. HAZARD IDENTIF
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granulosis could occur in cattle. E
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Cattle to be imported into New Zeal
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48. Weed Seeds 48.1. HAZARD IDENTIF
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in the digestive tracts of herbivor
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