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y using the above-mentioned classes of reactions are illustrated in Scheme 1.6.
Scheme 1.6 Recent examples of diverse cyclic skeletons accessed via transition metal-catalyzed
cyclization reactions.
R 1
HO
R 2
N
R
N
2
O
NH 2
Pd-catalyzed
amine/aryl bromide
coupling
R 3
N
O O
R 2
Pd-catalyzed
Heck reaction
H
N R 1
O
N
R1 Cu-catalyzed
amide/aryl iodide
coupling
R 2
R 1
OH
O
O
N
R 2
R
N
1
CO2Me R 3
R 4
Cu-catalyzed
biaryl coupling
Pd-catalyzed
Heck reaction
H
R 1
O
O
H
R 1
R 3
HO
HO
O
O O OMe
Ru-catalyzed ring-closing
metathesis
R
N
2
O
N O
R1 Cu-catalyzed
amide/aryl iodide
coupling
Ar
O
N
N
O
R 1
tandem Pd-catalyzed
amidation/arylation
H
N R
P(O)Ph2 Ru-catalyzed ring-closing
metathesis
Transition metal catalyzed reactions that transform relatively simple acyclic starting
materials to cyclic (or polycyclic) products via a carbocyclization process are another important
class of reactions that has received attention in the past decade. 35 Carbocyclization, in general,
refers to a cyclization process that involves carbon-carbon bond formation via a carbometalation,
whereas a C * -M (Carbon-Metal) species delivers the carbon and metal component across an
unsaturated bond (C=C) thereby affording a C * -C-C-M species. 36 In particular, carbocyclization
reactions of precursors containing unsaturated functional groups (e.g., alkenes, alkynes) have
been very useful in the syntheses of carbocyclic and heterocyclic molecules. 35-37 Examples of
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