Guide to Documents Relating to French and British North America in ...

V. OTHER ROMAN ARCHIVES AND LmRARIES
Until now, I have dealt specifically with the archives of Propaganda. Yet, as everybody knows,
they are not the only Roman archives nor the only ones in which documents of interest for North
America in the years 1622-1799 could be found. The extensive investigations in the Archivio Segreto
Vaticano (Vatican Secret Archives) and in the Archivum Romanum Societatis Iesu (as we shall see
later), coupled with the [mdings of the Calendar, have already discovered hundreds of documents, most
of them unavailable elsewhere and therefore unknown to historians, that are of great significance for
the history of North America as a whole. David Beers Quinn, the foremost authority on sixteenthcentury
British America, stated that the Roman archives have been far less exploited by historians than
those of London, Paris and Seville. According to Quinn, "The major additions to be made will come
from Rome, from the Jesuit and Vatican archives [...]. The potential additions to our knowledge of the
missions and of the whole connection of the Roman Catholic Church [with North America] are very
great, and in the end these associations can be documented from such sources on a wholly new level
of completeness. l
Prior to 1622, Le., prior to the the establishment of the Sacred Congregation "de Propaganda
Fide," the documents one is likely to find in Roman archives are occasional as to their origin. The
Cantino map of 1502 was found by sheer chance in a pork butcher's shop in Modena. 2 Gerolamo da
Verrazzano's 1529 map of the east coast of North America is now in the Biblioteca Apostolica
Vaticana (Vatican Library).3 In Bologna, once with Modena part of the Papal States, there is one of
the three extant copies of Samuel de Champlain's Brief Discours of 1601, the second copy being at
the Archivio di Stato of Turin and the third (the more famous one, albeit not the earliest) in the John
Carter Brown Library in Providence, Rhode Island. 4 Among the many hundreds of items, Carl Russell
Fish lists a document relating to a 1611 voyage to China by way of Nova Zembla where New France
is mentioned, possibly a clue to one of Henry Hudson's voyages of discovery.s They are all
extraordinary documents, and yet occasional in nature, the result more of happy encounters with the
unexpected rather than of planned research.
After 1622, this pattern continues to apply to most Roman repositories, with the notable
exceptions of, as we shall see, the Vatican Secret Archives, the archives of the religious orders and,
of course, Propaganda.
1. ARCIllVIO SEGRETO VA TICANO
In Rome there are many archives and many libraries. The distinction between archives and
libraries does not always correspond with modem usage. Some libraries preserve many manuscripts,
while other archives contain many printed books, pamphlets or periodical literature. In general, howev~r,
a distinction must he made between the two major repositories, the Archivio Segreto Vaticano and
Propaganda, and all others. As a rule, documents preserved in the Vatican Secret Archives and
Propaganda tend to be homogeneous as to their origin, as they stem directly from the working
apparatus of the Holy See. Most documents relating to the work of the nuncio in France, for example,
are found either in the Vatican Secret Archives (European matters in general) or in Propaganda
(missionary matters), since the nuncio maintained a weekly correspondence with both the secretary of
state and the high officials of the Congregation. We shall deal later with the archives of the religious
orders, but they too stem directly from the activities of the orders, and the documents they preserve
tend not to be occasional.
In itself, the Vatican Secret Archives is a collection of a number of archives. It contains, for
example, the archives formed as a result of the activities of various offices and institutions of the Holy
See -- the Sacred Congregation of the Rites, the Sacred Congregation of the Council, the Sacred
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