Surveying & Built Environment Vol. 22 Issue 1 (December 2012)

ii) After the use of building for a period
of time (assuming a standard period of
15 years), emissions resulting from the
large-scale update of building including
full inside and outside decoration, can
be calculated through Equation (5).
Emissions 5i'' = (emission i of fitting-out
works outside the building + household
renovation) × 100% (5)
Therefore, emission quantity for
building maintenance and repair will
be the sum of emissions due to the two
aspects above and can be calculated
through Equation (6).
Emissions 5i = Emissions 5i'+
Emissions 5i''
Surveying and Built Environment Vol 22, 61-73 Nov 2012 ISSN 1816-9554
(6)
Demolition period
Similar to the analysis in the previous
part, there is a precise and a forecasting
calculation method to calculate
emissions resulting from building
demolition.
(a) Method for precise calculation
Precise calculation method is applicable
when the building has been demolished,
thus the total consumed energy data can
be collected. The calculation method
shown in Equation (2) but replacing j
as one type of fuel and Q j as the amount
of fuel j consumed by various kinds of
devices or electricity use (kWh).
(b) Method for forecasting calculation
The forecasting calculation method
is applicable when the building has
not been demolished and the energy
consumption data is unknown. The
emission quantity can be estimated
by using the total building floor area
and units for floor removal data. The
calculation can be conducted by using
Equation (7).
Emission 6i = the total building floor
area × emission units for floor
removal (7)
Disposal of construction waste
Emissions generated for waste disposal
are due mainly to transportation, which
will induce fuel combustion and dust
abatement measures. The emission can
be calculated through Equation (8).
Emission 7i = D x FR × EF ij
(8)
where i (i = 1, …, 8) is one of the
emissions, such as CO 2, CH 4, N 2O, SO 2,
CO, NO X, NMVOC and particulates;
Emission 7i the quantity of emission i
in this period (g); D the total transport
distance (km); FR the fuel rate of
conveyance (kWh/km); D x FR the
amount of fuel burned (kWh); and
EF ij the emission factor of emission i
generated by fuel j combustion (kg/
kWh).
Calculation model for total gaseous
emissions during building life cycle
Based on the analysis above, the total
amount of eight gaseous emissions
during construction project life cycle
can be calculated through Equation (9).
Emissions = Emissions ki (9)
where k (k = 1, …, 7) is a specific
element of the building life cycle,
including manufacturing of building
materials, building materials
transportation, construction, operation,
maintenance and repair works,
demolition, waste disposal; i (i =
1, …, 8) for each of the emissions,
such as CO 2, CH 4, N 2O, SO 2, CO,
NO X, NMVOC and particulates; and
Emissions ki the amount of gaseous
emission i during period k.
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