occurrence of degenerative joint disease in the radius: analysis

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There are two main classes of stress acting upon joint surfaces that together make up the etiology of the disease. These include mechanical stress induced by particular functions extrinsic to the human body and systemic factors. Examples of mechanical stress include increased weight bearing and loading of the joints, trauma, and occupational as well as environmental stimuli. Systemic factors include heredity, nutrition, age, sex, hormones, and possible tissue regeneration (Sokoloff, 1969). Increased activity can spur the onset of DJD, but exactly which type and what joints are affected is impossible to determine through skeletal remains alone (Jurmain, 1999). In addition, degeneration due to age can be problematic due to the fact that there are differences in general life expectancies between contemporary peoples and those that lived hundreds and thousands of years ago. The expression of DJD is not only diverse, but can be obscure in its pathology. The principal features that characterize DJD include loss of cartilage, bone remodeling or the formation of new bone typically seen at the margins of a joint, classified as either lipping or osteophyte formation, porosity of the bone surface, subchondral cysts, and eburnation (Aufderheide and Rodriguez-Martin, 1998). Porosity, or pitting is another characteristic of DJD, but is not a good indicator alone due to the fact that even healthy bone can show signs of 9
minimal pitting. Porosity can be difficult to distinguish due to the fact that the type of hole produced can be due to thinning of the bone surface as seen in degenerative joint disease, or vascular invasion, which occurs in healthy bone (Jurmain, 1999). Rothschild (1997) also points out that porosity might result from processes separate than those that produce degenerative changes. Therefore, evaluation of porosity may have little to contribute to understanding DJD, and does not appear to be very indicative of severe DJD (Jurmain, 1999). This is relevant to the current study, as a majority of the specimens showed at least some minimal pre-mortem pitting; therefore, only moderate and severe cases are being classified as being affected by DJD. Eburnation is the smooth and polished appearance of bone caused by contact of bones directly against one another. This occurs when the articular cartilage is no longer present, or severely degenerated. Eburnation occasionally can be seen in its more severe state accompanied by the production of grooves or ridges. Basic joint stability and function are ensured by factors such as ligaments, muscles, and synovial fluid in and around joints, allowing different joints to produce different ranges of motion. The stability of the ankle is worthy of note because it resists DJD, probably due to the extensive ligament network in the ankle; DJD is not as commonly reported in the ankle as in 10
Page 1 and 2: OCCURRENCE OF DEGENERATIVE JOINT DI
Page 3 and 4: University and students a chance to
Page 5 and 6: TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Page 7 and 8: LIST OF FIGURES 3.1 Proximal radius
Page 9 and 10: of DJD, proximal lipping is less fr
Page 11 and 12: frequent and well-known burial prac
Page 13 and 14: Literature Review The Late Woodland
Page 15 and 16: degenerative joint disease. A gener
Page 17: diarthrodial joints.” In the huma
Page 21 and 22: Jurmain (1999) points out that “i
Page 23 and 24: there is much to be learned from si
Page 25 and 26: ound, discrete area of erosion on t
Page 27 and 28: Eskimos. DJD was studied on the dis
Page 29 and 30: common in the knee. Skeletal distri
Page 31 and 32: CHAPTER 2 MATERIALS AND METHODS The
Page 33 and 34: pitting can be difficult to assess
Page 35 and 36: Minimum Number of Individuals CHAPT
Page 37 and 38: Table 3.2. Minimum number of adult
Page 39 and 40: of the test. When the degrees of fr
Page 41 and 42: Figure 3.3. Moderate/Severe pitting
Page 43 and 44: Table 3.5. Proximal lipping and dis
Page 45 and 46: Figure 3.5. Moderate/Severe lipping
Page 47 and 48: Table 3.9. Proximal lipping and dis
Page 49 and 50: Figure 3.7. Eburnation of the joint
Page 51 and 52: Table 3.13. Proximal pitting and di
Page 53 and 54: Table 3.17. Side and pitting on the
Page 55 and 56: the Poole-Rose ossuary sample, DJD
Page 57 and 58: of DJD, a functional or stress rela
Page 59 and 60: This suggests degeneration of the j
Page 61 and 62: the wrist causes increased wear and
Page 63 and 64: CHAPTER 4 CONCLUSIONS The main obje
Page 65 and 66: understanding the diverse etiology
Page 67 and 68: Jurmain RD (1978) Paleoepidemiology
Page 69 and 70:
Werner FW, An KN, Palmer AK, and Ch
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occurrence of degenerative joint disease in the radius: analysis

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