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Brianne Sullivan, Caroline Gillan and the postgraduate and postdoctoral community at CHSTM who provided me with support, advice and nights out when I was in Manchester as a visiting student. I am very thankful to the Irish Research Council for the Humanities and Social Sciences which provided me with a postgraduate fellowship from 2008-2010 to undertake my research. This support was crucial to my PhD. I am grateful also to the Department of History of NUI Galway which provided me with a fellowship in the first year of my PhD study to cover my fees, and to the Arts Faculty for two travel grants. I am also grateful to the Wellcome Trust for a travel expenses grant which supported research trips in my first year of study. Finally, I owe a huge debt of thanks to my parents, John and Angela, and my brothers, Seán and Ciarán. My parents have always been extremely supportive of me and were always there for me through the highs and lows of the PhD experience. Thanks to Dad for help with the graphs and statistics in the thesis, for proof-reading it and for helping me with the printing. Thank you both for your encouragement and unyielding support and faith in me. Laura Kelly, August 2010 iii
Medical institutions GMC: General Medical Council Abbreviations KQCPI: King and Queen’s College of Physicians of Ireland (later Royal College of Physicians) LSMW: London School of Medicine for Women NUI: National University of Ireland QCB: Queen’s College Belfast QCC: Queen’s College Cork QCG: Queen’s College Galway RCPI: Royal College of Physicians RCSI: Royal College of Surgeons RCSci: Royal College of Science RUI: Royal University of Ireland TCD: Trinity College Dublin UCD: University College Dublin Medical degrees F.R.C.S.I.: Fellow of the Royal College of Surgeons M.B. B.Ch B.A.O.: Bachelor of medicine and surgery M.D.: Doctor of medicine L.R.C.P.I. & L.M., L.R.C.S.I. & L.M.: Conjoint licence of the Irish Colleges of Physicians and Surgeons L.R.C.P. L.R.C.S. Edin, L.F.P.S. Glas: Conjoint licence of the Scottish Colleges of Physicians and Surgeons in Edinburgh and Glasgow Commonly-cited works BMJ: British Medical Journal DMP: Dublin Medical Press ODNB: Oxford Dictionary of National Biography iv
Page 1 and 2: Irish Medical Women c.1880s-1920s:
Page 3: Acknowledgements My greatest debt o
Page 7 and 8: Table 5.3: Pre-1918 and post-1918 g
Page 9 and 10: Introduction My mother had serious
Page 11 and 12: difficult or controversial, yet thi
Page 13 and 14: the schools’ histories and the hi
Page 15 and 16: comparison with my own research. 20
Page 17 and 18: studied medicine at Irish universit
Page 19 and 20: professional bitterness and tension
Page 21 and 22: spite of this backlash, on the 11 t
Page 23 and 24: the University of London to women,
Page 25 and 26: medicine as a result of personal ex
Page 27 and 28: male patriarchy and a battle agains
Page 29 and 30: University of Edinburgh], is a cons
Page 31 and 32: women had no access, it effectively
Page 33 and 34: In intellectual labour, man has sur
Page 35 and 36: muscular strength’. As well as th
Page 37 and 38: there were women doctors on the sta
Page 39 and 40: From the 1910s onwards, calls for w
Page 41 and 42: to reconcile the stark differences
Page 43 and 44: a result, up until the early twenti
Page 45 and 46: will discuss the reasons why the KQ
Page 47 and 48: treasury decision to convert the Mu
Page 49 and 50: At Dr. Steevens’ Hospital in Dubl
Page 51 and 52: and Jex-Blake both qualified with M
Page 53 and 54: In spite of being admitted to the K
Page 55 and 56:
e admitted to take the examination
Page 57 and 58:
profession as a hospital physician
Page 59 and 60:
from 1893 when Emily Winifred Dicks
Page 61 and 62:
Chapter 2 Becoming a medical studen
Page 63 and 64:
student magazines as ‘jibs’ and
Page 65 and 66:
For some women, this sense of vocat
Page 67 and 68:
were likely to have attended the Hi
Page 69 and 70:
women students ought also to posses
Page 71 and 72:
wishing to undertake medical educat
Page 73 and 74:
1. His father or the surgeon with w
Page 75 and 76:
Catholics and how many were Protest
Page 77 and 78:
emaining largely the same in 1911.
Page 79 and 80:
Considering that the largest number
Page 81 and 82:
Table 2.5: Occupational groups of f
Page 83 and 84:
Education 44 8.12% Teacher 31 Inspe
Page 85 and 86:
students occurring in this period w
Page 87 and 88:
Figure 2.1: Numbers of women medica
Page 89 and 90:
Table 2.7: Numbers of medical stude
Page 91 and 92:
Crowther and Dupree attributed the
Page 93 and 94:
the College of Surgeons and the Col
Page 95 and 96:
Chapter 3 Women’s experience of I
Page 97 and 98:
and Q.C.C. 7 The CU/UCD had its own
Page 99 and 100:
1880s to 1920s was more egalitarian
Page 101 and 102:
Often, the pursuit of a medical edu
Page 103 and 104:
Figure 3.1: Proposed Timetable for
Page 105 and 106:
also required to spend their summer
Page 107 and 108:
…nothing in the slightest degree
Page 109 and 110:
general hospitals and all of the sp
Page 111 and 112:
Why were Irish hospitals more welco
Page 113 and 114:
together at Trinity College for yea
Page 115 and 116:
1897, the Council of the Medical Fa
Page 117 and 118:
What was it about women’s contact
Page 119 and 120:
The sight of corpses and the dissec
Page 121 and 122:
This theme of social separation was
Page 123 and 124:
Dominick Street were rented out to
Page 125 and 126:
have played an important role. Betw
Page 127 and 128:
education but also later in their p
Page 129 and 130:
woman is to be welcomed, and wherev
Page 131 and 132:
Table 4.1: Numbers of traceable and
Page 133 and 134:
State Medicine and the study of tro
Page 135 and 136:
In the late nineteenth and early tw
Page 137 and 138:
Certain addresses were occupied by
Page 139 and 140:
Table 4.3: Women medical graduates
Page 141 and 142:
physiciancies in that the resident
Page 143 and 144:
advertisement appears for a Medical
Page 145 and 146:
Prospects of promotion were slim fo
Page 147 and 148:
Academic work In the previous chapt
Page 149 and 150:
Table 4.6: Destinations of Irish wo
Page 151 and 152:
A considerable number of Irishwomen
Page 153 and 154:
Humanitarian medical work overseas
Page 155 and 156:
might help them to secure a hospita
Page 157 and 158:
Dengel, a Catholic, noted that most
Page 159 and 160:
cannot do it. The whole of this wom
Page 161 and 162:
Table 4.11: Careers of women medica
Page 163 and 164:
Conclusion It was claimed in the la
Page 165 and 166:
Chapter 5 The First World War and t
Page 167 and 168:
From the first year of the war, a d
Page 169 and 170:
The Easter Rising Some doctors, suc
Page 171 and 172:
Ella Webb, who had been working in
Page 173 and 174:
Pre-1918 If we examine Table 5.1, i
Page 175 and 176:
was more favourable towards women w
Page 177 and 178:
were more likely to secure an appoi
Page 179 and 180:
England, there was little change in
Page 181 and 182:
not making it to graduation while 3
Page 183 and 184:
Table 5.8: Posts of post-1918 women
Page 185 and 186:
Table 5.10: Comparison of careers o
Page 187 and 188:
England, but there are many paralle
Page 189 and 190:
favourable attitude towards women i
Page 191 and 192:
By 1911, there were forty-two femal
Page 193 and 194:
In a letter written in 1942, Dickso
Page 195 and 196:
her children to English preparatory
Page 197 and 198:
Irish women medical graduates, they
Page 199 and 200:
that the remembrance of the differe
Page 201 and 202:
experienced difficulties, not only
Page 203 and 204:
dispensaries. Through working as me
Page 205 and 206:
through its travelling exhibition i
Page 207 and 208:
Two years later, an antenatal clini
Page 209 and 210:
the 1918/19 term. At this point, th
Page 211 and 212:
that time had a dispensary, he used
Page 213 and 214:
One afternoon at the beginning of t
Page 215 and 216:
number of Protestant women attendin
Page 217 and 218:
Conclusion The results of the recen
Page 219 and 220:
ased will be deposited in an archiv
Page 221 and 222:
in Ireland. Because of this, women
Page 223 and 224:
the vote. 10 Additionally, she also
Page 225 and 226:
Manuscript sources Bibliography Chu
Page 227 and 228:
Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast Be
Page 229 and 230:
Contemporary publications The Count
Page 231 and 232:
Commission on University Education
Page 233 and 234:
J. Browne, ‘Squibs and snobs: sci
Page 235 and 236:
A. Digby, Making a medical living:
Page 237 and 238:
C. S. P. Hamilton, East, west: an I
Page 239 and 240:
F. Kennedy, Family, economy and gov
Page 241 and 242:
J. Mullin, The story of a toiler’
Page 243 and 244:
M. Sappol, A traffic of dead bodies
Page 245 and 246:
Biographical Index This Biographica
Page 247 and 248:
AUGHNEY, Honoria, (13/9/1900-post 1
Page 249 and 250:
BOLAND, Mary, (fl.1915-56), backgro
Page 251 and 252:
CARLISLE, Charlotte Christiana, (c.
Page 253 and 254:
COTTER, Nora, (05/04/1894-post 1957
Page 255 and 256:
DICKSON, (later Martin) Emily Winif
Page 257 and 258:
EBERLE, Emily Elizabeth, (?-12/09/1
Page 259 and 260:
GARDINER, Elizabeth Mary, (21/02/18
Page 261 and 262:
HOLLAND, Doris Elizabeth, (fl.1916-
Page 263 and 264:
KIRKER, Arabella, (c.1893-post 1921
Page 265 and 266:
MARTIN, Elizabeth Mary, (c.1891-pos
Page 267 and 268:
MEENAN, (later Donnellan), Annie, (
Page 269 and 270:
NEILL, Harriette Rosetta, (?-02/07/
Page 271 and 272:
O’DONOHUE, Monica A, (c.1902-post
Page 273 and 274:
POLLOCK, (later Moffatt) Grace Kath
Page 275 and 276:
RICHARDS, Flora Jane, (c.1889-post
Page 277 and 278:
SMITH, Mabel Marion, (fl.1920-60),
Page 279 and 280:
ut no post in Hamilton, Scotland in
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