The South Africa – Viet Nam Rhino Horn Trade Nexus (PDF ... - WWF

situation at the source: south africa
White Rhino carcass.
kARL AMMANN (2)
©MARTIN HARVEy/WWF-CANON
Methods of rhino poaching
In recent years, the techniques used to kill rhinos have changed and these shifts are indicative of the
new and decidedly uncharacteristic profiles of those behind the rhino deaths linked to increased
involvement of organized crime syndicates. Historically, African wildlife poachers were recruited from
local communities living in close proximity to protected areas, some of which were disputed as former
communal land areas where subsistence hunting often had occurred within recent memory.
Overlapping with this, another typical poacher profile concerns former military personnel, police officers
or game scouts, all of whom would have had specialized training to develop tracking or shooting
skills. For a variety of reasons, such individuals joined the ranks of those profiting from the illegal killing
of wildlife. In South Africa, such individuals are still active, but a new kind of poacher has also
become an integral part of the equation, especially in game ranch areas in the provinces: the wildlife
game industry insider.
Whilst the killing of rhinos typically involves shooting with guns, usually AK47 assault rifles, an in -
creasing regional trend seems to be the use of skilled marksmen to kill rhinos instantly with heavy-calibre
weapons, for example, .375 and .458 rifles. Another worrying, though infrequent, development has been
the appearance of cross-bow shooting as a means to kill rhinos. Bow hunting has the advantage of being
lethal, yet silent, but involves highly-developed professional skills and equipment rarely available to an
archetypal poacher. More commonly, the advent of darting rhinos with immobilization drugs either from
a helicopter or from the ground and removing their horns has occurred in recent years. Again, as with
cross-bows, this method of “hunting” is silent with a lower risk of detection than the sound of gunshots.
These methods of rhino killing can only be conducted by trained professionals who have access to
restricted veterinary medicines and other specialized equipment. The use of scheduled immobilisation
drugs in this regard should not be mistakenly viewed as an act of compassion. Animals are typically left
tranquillized without administration of a reversal agent and die slowly from their wounds. In rare
instances, rhinos have survived for some period of time after these attacks, often suffering horrific facial
injuries. In some cases, helicopters (often without identification numbers) have apparently been
employed in rhino poaching incidents. Game capture professionals normally dart rhinos from the air
when undertaking capture operations as it is the easiest way to get close enough to hit the animals and
enables their movements to be tracked until they are fully immobilized. Helicopters are presumably also
of use to move rhino killers and rhino horns to safe locations rapidly. Low-flying helicopters are also used
to scout out potential sites from the air for later poaching activities.
The use of some modern heavy-calibre rifles, dart-guns, immobilization drugs and, certainly, helicopters,
clearly represents a completely “new face” in terms of rhino poaching. Since 2008, a small proportion of
the wildlife industry, including game ranch owners, professional hunters, game capture operators, pilots
and wildlife veterinarians have become active players in the rhino poaching crisis. This development
remains unique to South Africa and is a significant factor not only behind the record levels of rhino losses
since 2008, but also the insidious spread of rhino poaching across the country. Exactly how extensive this
phenomenon is within the game industry is difficult to quantify, but it remains a serious, corrupting force
that undermines rhino conservation and stains the image of a community that should be on the forefront
of wildlife conservation.
Rhino horns taken from a carcass.
74 the south africa – viet nam rhino horn trade nexus TRAFFIC 75
kARL AMMANN