Historical Dictionary of Western Sahara Third ... - Scarecrow Press

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xxvi • CHRONOLOGY 10: Spain declares a protectorate over the Saharan coast from Boujdour to Cape Blanc. 1887 April 6: Río de Oro becomes a Spanish colony; territory extends from Boujdour to Cape Blanc and 150 miles inland. 1894 November 2, 13: Villa Cisneros is attacked by the Arosien, Oulad Delim, and Oulad Bou Sbaa. 1895 Reguibat sack Tindouf and massacre its Tadjakant inhabitants. March 13: Anglo-Moroccan Agreement leads to the cession of Tarfaya to Morocco for £50,000; Britain also recognizes Moroccan sovereignty as far south as Boujdour. 1898 Cheikh Ma el-Ainin begins construction of the city of Smara. 1900 June 27: Franco-Spanish Convention delineates the southern boundary of Spain’s Saharan territories. 1903 Francisco Bens Argandoña is appointed politico-military governor of Spain’s Saharan possessions. 1904 October 3: Franco-Spanish Convention extends the border area northward. 1905 War begins between the Reguibat and the Oulad Bou Sbaa, continuing until 1908 when a truce is mediated by Ma el-Ainin; Moulay Abdelaziz, the Moroccan sultan, attempts to assist Ma el-Ainin’s anticolonial forces in Smara. 1907 September: Cheikh Ma el-Ainin backs the rebellion of Moulay Hafid against Moulay Abdelaziz. 1909 July: Ma el-Ainin leaves Smara after the French occupy the Adrar in Mauritania; he settles in Tiznit, Morocco. 1910 June 23: Ma el-Ainin is defeated by the French after declaring himself Sultan of Morocco. October 28: Ma el-Ainin dies and is succeeded by Ahmed el-Hiba. 1912 August: Ahmed el-Hiba proclaims himself Sultan of Morocco and seizes Marrakesh. September 6: el-Hiba is defeated by France but
continues his resistance until 1919. November 14: Franco-Spanish Convention further demarcates the Western Saharan border. 1913 January 10: A Saharawi ghazzi carries out a massacre at a French outpost at El-Boirat. February: In retaliation for the El-Boirat massacre, the French army occupies Smara. 1914 October-November: Francisco Bens arrives in Tarfaya but is ordered to withdraw to Villa Cisneros. 1916 June 29: Bens occupies Tarfaya. 1919 May 23: Ahmed el-Hiba dies; he is succeeded by Merebbi Rebbu. 1920 November 30: Bens occupies La Guera. 1921–26 Merebbi Rebbu leads anti-French resistance in Mauritania and in the Anti-Atlas. 1932 August 18: Reguibat and Oulad Delim inflict serious losses on the French at Oum Tounsi. 1934 March: French occupy Tindouf. March 15: Merebbi Rebbu surrenders to France. May–July: Under French pressure, Spain begins to occupy points in the interior of Western Sahara, including Smara, for the first time. 1936 July: Spanish Civil War begins; Madrid’s delegate in Western Sahara aligns with the Francoists. 1940 El-Ayoun is made capital of “Spanish Sahara.” CHRONOLOGY • xxvii 1943 The geologist Manuel Alia Medina begins the search for phosphates. 1946 July 20: Africa Occidental Española (AOE) is created, encompassing Ifni and Western Sahara. 1949 Tarfaya is renamed Villa Bens after Francisco Bens’s death. 1950 The Spanish dictator, Generalissimo Francisco Franco, visits Western Sahara. 1956 January: Benhamou Mesfioui is given command of the southern sector of the Army of Liberation. March: Allal el-Fassi of the
Page 1 and 2: Historical Dictionary of Western Sa
Page 3 and 4: Editor’s Foreword While nearly al
Page 5 and 6: Preface As was the case in the seco
Page 7 and 8: Reader’s Notes The Western Sahara
Page 9 and 10: Acronyms and Abbreviations AMD Alli
Page 11 and 12: ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS • xix
Page 13 and 14: Chronology c. 5000 BC Beginning of
Page 15: 1578-1603 Moroccan Sultan Ahmed el-
Page 19 and 20: er 20: UN General Assembly calls fo
Page 21 and 22: CHRONOLOGY • xxxi Morocco, Maurit
Page 23 and 24: CHRONOLOGY • xxxiii down several
Page 25 and 26: CHRONOLOGY • xxxv Council unanimo
Page 27 and 28: CHRONOLOGY • xxxvii period.” No
Page 29 and 30: CHRONOLOGY • xxxix they would sup
Page 31 and 32: CHRONOLOGY • xli could be disband
Page 33 and 34: xliv • INTRODUCTION 1960s and ext
Page 35 and 36: xlvi • INTRODUCTION Ibn Tashfin,
Page 37 and 38: xlviii • INTRODUCTION the 19th ce
Page 39 and 40: l • INTRODUCTION was afflicted by
Page 41 and 42: lii • INTRODUCTION (ICJ) for a de
Page 43 and 44: liv • INTRODUCTION bringing the c
Page 45 and 46: lvi • INTRODUCTION decide its fut
Page 47 and 48: lviii • INTRODUCTION the characte
Page 49 and 50: lx • INTRODUCTION sponsor, Algeri
Page 51 and 52: lxii • INTRODUCTION made no menti
Page 53 and 54: lxiv • INTRODUCTION THE FUTURE By

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