Historical Dictionary of Western Sahara Third ... - Scarecrow Press

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xxviii • CHRONOLOGY Istiqlal Party enunciates “Greater Morocco” doctrine. June: Army of Liberation begins its insurgency. October 10: Morocco stakes its claim to Western Sahara at the United Nations (UN). 1957 February 15: Army of Liberation stages its first attack in Mauritania; Spain allows French troops to stage reprisal raids into its colony. June: Smara and other interior points are abandoned by Spain. July 1: The future Mauritanian president, Mokhtar Ould Daddah, puts forward his own claim to Western Sahara. December 30: The French cabinet approves a joint Franco-Spanish military campaign in northwest Africa, Operation Ouragon. 1958 January 10: AOE is dissolved; Western Sahara is made a province of Spain. February 10–24: Operation Ouragon is launched; Army of Liberation is defeated. February 25: King Mohammed V of Morocco formally lays claim to Western Sahara. April 1: Morocco and Spain sign the Agreement of Cintra, by which the Tekna Zone (including Tarfaya) is ceded to Rabat. April 10: Morocco’s army, the Forces Armées Royales (FAR), attempts to occupy the Tekna Zone but is barred by Army of Liberation units. 1959–63 Severe droughts wipe out an estimated 60 percent of livestock herds, encouraging the process of sedentation. 1963 May: First local elections held for El-Ayoun and Villa Cisneros; Khatri Ould Said Ould Joumani becomes president of the Cabildo Provincial. July 6: Franco and King Hassan II hold a summit at Barajas airport near Madrid. July 17: Three Saharawis are seated in the Spanish Cortes for the first time. 1964 October: The UN adopts its first resolution on Western Sahara. 1965 December 16: The UN General Assembly calls on Spain to decolonize Ifni and Western Sahara. 1966 April: Spain informs the UN that it accepts the principle of decolonization but urges a delay, citing Western Sahara’s underdevelopment and nomadic population. June: Morocco and Mauritania support Western Saharan self-determination. October–November: The Organization of African Unity (OAU) adopts its first resolution on Western Sahara, calling for its “freedom and independence.” Decem
er 20: UN General Assembly calls for a referendum in Western Sahara for the first time. 1967 May 11: A Spanish decree establishes the Djemaa. July 14–August 20: Elections are held for the Djemaa. September 11: The Djemaa is inaugurated. December: Mohammed Sidi Ibrahim Bassiri returns to Western Sahara and begins organizing the Harakat Tahrir Saguia el-Hamra wa Oued ed-Dahab. 1969 June 30: Ifni is ceded to Morocco. CHRONOLOGY • xxix 1970 June 17: Several Saharawi demonstrators are killed by Spain in the Massacre of Zemla. June 18: Mohammed Sidi Ibrahim Bassiri is detained after the events in Zemla and disappears permanently. September 14: Nouadhibou Summit Conference: King Hassan, President Mokhtar Ould Daddah, and President Houari Boumedienne support the decolonization of Western Sahara. 1972 March and May: Anti-Spanish demonstrations in Tan-Tan, southern Morocco. July: MOREHOB is founded in Rabat. December 14: The UN General Assembly, for the first time, adopts a resolution upholding the right of Western Saharans to independence. 1973 May: Phosphate exports begin from Bou-Craa. May 10: The Polisario Front is founded under the leadership of El-Ouali Mustapha Sayed. May 20: Polisario stages its first military action against Spain at El-Khanga. July 23–24: Agadir Summit Conference: King Hassan and Presidents Ould Daddah and Boumedienne call for self-determination in Western Sahara. 1974 May 31: Gen. Federico Gómez de Salazar is appointed governor-general of Western Sahara. July 4: Franco announces plans for internal autonomy. July 4–6: The Djemea approves Spain’s Estatuto Político. July–August: Algeria begins sending some low-level aid to the Polisario Front. August 13: Moroccan officials Ahmed Laraki and Ahmed Osman fail to dissuade Spain from granting internal autonomy to the Saharawis. August 20: King Hassan says he cannot accept a vote in Western Sahara if independence is a possible outcome. August 21: Spain says it will hold a referendum in Western Sahara during the first six months of 1975. November: The Partido de la Unión Nacional
Page 1 and 2: Historical Dictionary of Western Sa
Page 3 and 4: Editor’s Foreword While nearly al
Page 5 and 6: Preface As was the case in the seco
Page 7 and 8: Reader’s Notes The Western Sahara
Page 9 and 10: Acronyms and Abbreviations AMD Alli
Page 11 and 12: ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS • xix
Page 13 and 14: Chronology c. 5000 BC Beginning of
Page 15 and 16: 1578-1603 Moroccan Sultan Ahmed el-
Page 17: continues his resistance until 1919
Page 21 and 22: CHRONOLOGY • xxxi Morocco, Maurit
Page 23 and 24: CHRONOLOGY • xxxiii down several
Page 25 and 26: CHRONOLOGY • xxxv Council unanimo
Page 27 and 28: CHRONOLOGY • xxxvii period.” No
Page 29 and 30: CHRONOLOGY • xxxix they would sup
Page 31 and 32: CHRONOLOGY • xli could be disband
Page 33 and 34: xliv • INTRODUCTION 1960s and ext
Page 35 and 36: xlvi • INTRODUCTION Ibn Tashfin,
Page 37 and 38: xlviii • INTRODUCTION the 19th ce
Page 39 and 40: l • INTRODUCTION was afflicted by
Page 41 and 42: lii • INTRODUCTION (ICJ) for a de
Page 43 and 44: liv • INTRODUCTION bringing the c
Page 45 and 46: lvi • INTRODUCTION decide its fut
Page 47 and 48: lviii • INTRODUCTION the characte
Page 49 and 50: lx • INTRODUCTION sponsor, Algeri
Page 51 and 52: lxii • INTRODUCTION made no menti
Page 53 and 54: lxiv • INTRODUCTION THE FUTURE By

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