orchids and orchidology in central america. 500 ... - lankesteriana.org

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120 C A B LANKESTERIANA 9(1—2), August 2009. © Universidad de Costa Rica, 2009. LANKESTERIANA 119 Figure 41. A — Carl Ernst Otto Kuntze (1843-1907). Courtesy of the Hunt Institute for Botanical Documentation. B — Hans von Tuerckheim (1853-1920). Courtesy of Freddy Archila. C — The city of Cobán, 19th century. In Wagner, 2001: 121. D — Frederick Sander (1847-1920). In Swinson, 1970, after p. 190. D
ossenbaCh — Orchids and orchidology in Central America himself also with the less showy species. “The study of the collections prepared by Baron von Tuerckheim in the area of Cobán has made us discover a surprising number of new species” (Schlechter, 1918: 343). Among the many types of new species that he discovered, are the following, described mainly by Ames and Schlechter: Aspidogyne stictophylla (Schltr.) Garay (Tuerckheim II 1994), Dichaea intermedia Ames & Correll (Tuerckheim II 1798), Dichaea muricatoides Hamer & Garay (Tuerckheim s.n.), Dichaea tuerckheimii Schltr. (Tuerckheim s.n.), Dryadella guatemalensis (Schltr.) Luer (Tuerckheim II 490), Dryadella linearifolia (Ames) Luer (Tuerckheim 7784), Encyclia tuerckheimii Schltr. (Tuerckheim 2456 ), Epidendrum cerinum Schltr. (Tuerckheim 4179 ), Epidendrum isomerum Schltr. (Tuerckheim II 167), Epidendrum mixtum Schltr. (Tuerckheim II 1868), Epidendrum pseudoramosum Schltr. (Tuerckheim II 1951), Erythrodes tuerckheimii (Schltr.) Ames (Tuerckheim 733), Microstylis tuerckheimii Schltr. (Tuerckheim 1017), Platystele jungermannioides (Schltr.) Garay (Tuerckheim 698), Scaphyglottis cuneata Schltr. (Tuerckheim s.n.), Scelochilus tuerckheimii Schltr. (Tuerckheim II-1919), Stelis fulva Schltr. (Tuerckheim 4064), Stelis gracilis Ames (Tuerckheim 7681), and Stelis rubens, Schltr. (Tuerckheim II 1061). Platystele jungermannioides is one of his most interesting collections, being reputedly the smallest orchid in the world. He is also mentioned in relation to the discovery of Catlleya bowringiana Veitch: “A planter named Turkheim [sic] sent it from British Honduras to Mr. Bowring of Forest Farm, Windsor, in 1884” (Boyle, 1901: 37). Von Tuerckheim was also interested in many other plants families, and many new species were described and dedicated to him, such as: Coccobola tuerckheimii Donn. Sm. (Polygonaceae), Panicum tuerckheimii Hackel (Poaceae), Lyonia tuerckheimii Urb. (Ericaceae), Phyllanthus tuerckheimii G.L. Webster (Euphorbiaceae), Phaseolus tuerckheimii Donn. Sm. (Fabaceae), and Columnea tuerckheimii Sprague (Gesneriaceae). Von Tuerckheim met briefly Bernoulli, before the Swiss went on his last expedition to the region of Petén in 1877. The city of Cobán (Fig. 41C) and the department of Alta Verapaz occupy a special place in the history of Guatemalan orchidology, similar to that of San 121 Ramón in Costa Rica. With its very humid climate (Cobán in the language of the Q´eqchi’ means “between rainfalls”) the region offers an enormous diversity of orchids and has traditionally been the birthplace of the best nurseries in the country. Cobán was founded on August 14, 1543 by Dominican friars and Emperor Charles V named her ‘Imperial City’. The following species of orchids were dedicated to the city: Jacquiniella cobanensis (Ames & Schltr.) Dressler, Maxillaria cobanensis Schltr., Pleurothallis cobanensis Schltr., and Spiranthes cobanensis Schltr. The types of the first three were collected by von Tuerckheim. The fourth was collected by Friedrich Carl Lehmann, of whom we will talk shortly. The demand for orchids during the last quarter of the century escalated and the collection of plants from the wild and their shipment back to Britain (and subsequently to the rest of Europe) became a major industry. The time was right for Henry Frederick Conrad Sander (1847- 1920) to set up business as an importer and commercial grower of orchids. Sander faced stiff opposition from already well-established firms, such as James Veitch, Hugh Low, William Bull and others, and he teetered on the brink of bankruptcy on several occasions. But eventually Sander (later Sander and Sons) became the largest orchid establishment in Europe. Frederick Sander (Fig. 41D) was born in Bremen (Germany) but moved to England at age 16. Marriage in 1870 to Elizabeth Fearnley, daughter of a rich printer was the catalyst for Sander’s rise to fame, as she provided him with the funds to enter business by purchasing a seed business at Saint Albans, a short distance northwest of London. He soon entered into a profitable arrangement with the Czech orchid collector Benedict Roezl and they prospered together until Roezl died in 1884. More and more collectors were employed until at one point he had 23 ‘travelers’ collecting orchids for him throughout the world. Several of them (Oversluys, Falkenberg, Forget, etc.) collected for Sanders in our region. The supply of plants of all kinds grew to such an extent that Sander found it necessary to set up a second nursery in Bruges (Belgium), where 250 glass-houses were eventually constructed, of which 50 were used to house orchids. Some idea of the scale of Sander’s operations can be gained from his claim that he imported more than one million plants of just one orchid species, Dendrobium phalaenopsis var. schroederiana, from LANKESTERIANA 9(1—2), August 2009. © Universidad de Costa Rica, 2009.
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