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182 distance the United States from earlier interventionist policies, such as the Roosevelt Corollary and military interventions in the region during the 1910s and 1920s. The Great Depression in the United States was a hard blow to the Central American economies. “The Central American countries, small producers in the concert of nations, were extremely vulnerable to the fluctuations of the external situation. Their economies were not diversified and the main export products -coffee and bananas- where nothing but ‘dessert’ on the tables of the European or American consumers” (Pérez Brignoli, 2000: 127-128). Their societies were marked by deep social inequalities that soon led to the formation of the first labor unions and the first communist parties in the region. Central America led a political life of exclusions. “In practice, the life of the liberal institutions and laws was above all this: an immense monologue of the ruling classes with themselves” (Pérez Brognoli, 2000: 129). Coups d’etat, controlled elections and candidates imposed by the government were the rule in political life. The concentration of power in a few hands and the preeminence of the military produced such typical dictators as Manuel Estrada Cabrera (1857-1948), in Guatemala, the ‘Señor Presidente’ in Miguel Ángel Asturias’ magnificent novel. After Cabrera, Guatemala was ruled from 1931 to 1948 by General Jorge Ubico (1878-1946), “Educator and Protector of the Youth”. It was General Jorge Ubico who signed the presidential decree declaring Lycaste skinneri var. alba as the National Flower of Guatemala, on February 11, 1934. He followed the recommendation of Mrs. Leticia M. de Southerland, president of the International Flower Exhibition held in Miami in 1933. General Maximiliano Hernández Martínez (1882- 1966) served as president of El Salvador from 1931 to 1944. His regime was a strict dictatorship that suppressed a Communist-led uprising during its initial days in office, with an estimated number of fatalities of between 10,000 and 30,000. Nicaragua and Honduras followed similar paths. While Nicaragua in 1934 came under the rule of the Somoza dynasty, that would control the country until 1979, Tiburcio Carías Andino (1876-1969), “Doctor and General”, ruled in Honduras from 1933 to 1948 with a very strong hand for the Hondurans and a white glove for the United Fruit Company. LANKESTERIANA LANKESTERIANA 9(1—2), August 2009. © Universidad de Costa Rica, 2009. To the South, Costa Rica and Panama became the exceptions. In Costa Rica, although the country suffered as much as its neighbors from the results of the economic world crisis, regular elections were held during this period. Political life in the country was only disrupted by the great strike in the banana plantations of the Atlantic region (1934) and by the short civil war of 1948. Panama battled hard to maintain its democratic regime, with the omnipotent United States often being the judge over bitterly fought political campaigns. To the North, Lázaro Cárdenas (1891-1970) was elected president of Mexico in 1934 and founded the National Revolutionary Party, predecessor of the present Institutional Revolutionary Party. Under the slogan of “Mexico for the Mexicans”, Cárdenas confronted the United States after expropriating the foreign oil companies. His six-year term marked a turning point after the turbulent post-revolutionary years and was a period of political stability, characterized by important advances in education and public works. In Belize, still a British colony, Antonio Soberanis Gómez (1897- 1975) became in 1934 a strong union leader and a precursor of the independence movement. Orchidology in Central America, 1930-1950 “When we solve the riddles of the forests, we will know the history of tropical life”. Rehn (1927: 26) After the deaths of Rolfe (1921), Schlechter (1925) and Kraenzlin (1934), European Botany lost its ground in Central America, and orchidology became an American monopoly that would last until the present days. At Harvard, Ames and Schweinfurth continued working on the Orchidaceae of Central America in an enormous personal effort that lasted until the end of their lives. But the botanical exploration of the region came more and more under the influence of two great institutions: the Field Museum of Natural History in Chicago and the Missouri Botanical Garden at Saint Louis. When Paul C. Standley joined the staff in 1927, the interests of the Field Museum centered mainly on Mexico, Guatemala and Belize. During the XX century, the Museum sponsored or co-sponsored more than sixty botanical expeditions to the American tropics. The Missouri Botanical Garden became the leading
A C ossenbaCh — Orchids and orchidology in Central America Figure 54. A — Cyrus Guernsey Pringle (1838-1911). Courtesy of the Oakes Ames Herbarium, Harvard University. B — Louis Forget on his way through a village in Colombia with a consignment of Cattleyas collected for Sander. In Black, 1973: 66. C — Robert Everard Woodson (1904-1963). In Anderson & Van Schaak, 1964: 46. D — Paul Hamilton Allen (111-1963). Courtesy of L. D. Gómez. B D 183 LANKESTERIANA 9(1—2), August 2009. © Universidad de Costa Rica, 2009.
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