2006/Vol. 5 No.1 - Hamline Law - Hamline University

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2 THE JOURNAL OF AMERICAN ARBITRATION [Vol. 5:1 G. Tendency to Delay ...................................................................35 H. Time Required .........................................................................36 VI. PRE-ARBITRATION MATTERS ....................................................36 A. Discovery ................................................................................36 B. Subpoena Power of Persons and Materials..............................37 C. Pre-Hearing Issues..................................................................40 VII. THE HEARING ..........................................................................45 A. The Place ................................................................................45 B. Marking Exhibits and Other Preliminary Matters ....................47 C. The Evidence...........................................................................48 D. Theory of the Case...................................................................49 E. Opening Statement...................................................................50 F. Burden of Proof .......................................................................50 G. Swearing the Witnesses............................................................52 H. Out of Sequence Witnesses.......................................................52 I. Direct Examination..................................................................52 J. Use of Visuals ..........................................................................53 K. Cross Examination ..................................................................53 L. Redirect Examination ..............................................................54 M. Re-Cross Examination.............................................................55 N. Hyper-Aggressive Advocates....................................................55 O. Closing Arguments versus Post-Hearing Briefs........................56 VIII. THE DECISION..........................................................................57 A. Use of the Contract, the Law, and Public Policy ......................57 B. The Requirement of a Reasoned Decision ................................58 C. Procedural Requirements for a Decision..................................60 D. Sending the Decision to Reporting Bodies................................60 E. Ability to Appeal an Arbitration Decision ................................61 IX. PROBLEMS WITH ARBITRATION .................................................64 A. Adhesive Nature of the Contract ..............................................64 B. The Problem of Neutrality........................................................65 C. Limited Discovery for Even Complex Cases.............................68 D. Process Too Complicated, Too Slow, Too Expensive .................69 E. Non-Lawyer Oriented..............................................................71 F. Arbitrability of Statutory Rights ...............................................72 G. Lack of Transparency...............................................................74 H. Arbitrator’s Lack of Power and Control...................................75 I. Punitive Damages are Unusual Even when the Facts Warrant .75 J. No Better Result Than Litigation..............................................76 K. No Review or Appeal ...............................................................76
2006] ARBITRATION: THE BASICS 3 L. Is the Process of Arbitration to Achieve a Final Decision or to Seek Truth and Find Justice ....................................................78 X. CONCLUSION............................................................................78 I. INTRODUCTION This is a description of the process of arbitration in the United States. It will focus on the basics of arbitration: its history; its objectives; its scheduling; how the process begins; pre-arbitration matters; the hearing; the award; and the problems with arbitration. The goal of this article is simple and straightforward: to explain the basics of the arbitration process used in the United States. II. A HISTORICAL OVERVIEW OF ARBITRATION A. Historical Precedents and the Development of Modern Arbitration Arbitration is not a recent phenomenon; in fact, arbitration as a method for resolving disputes has a long and complex history. King Solomon’s decision to “split the baby” is the first recorded arbitration decision. 1 Thankfully, Solomon’s award to cut the baby in half was not executed. Once the loving mother offered to give up the child so the baby would live, Solomon wisely awarded the child to her. 2 The use of arbitration rapidly expanded in the formal law of the Romans, in early Judeo-Christian communities, in Islamic law, and in the settlement of 1. 1 Kings 3:16-28. King Solomon is known for the judgment he passed when two women came before him both claiming to be the mother of the same child. Id. After each woman pleaded with him to giver her the child: And the king said, Bring me a sword. And they brought a sword before the king. And the king said, Divide the living child in two, and give half to the one, and half to the other. Then spake the woman whose the living child was unto the king, for her bowels yearned upon her son, and she said, O my lord, give her the living child, and in no wise slay it. But the other said, Let it be neither mine nor thine, but divide it. Then the king answered and said, Give her the living child, and in no wise slay it: she is the mother thereof. And all Israel heard of the judgment which the king had judged; and they feared the king: for they saw that the wisdom of God was in him, to do judgment. Id. at 3:24-28. 2. Id.
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2006/Vol. 5 No.1 - Hamline Law - Hamline University

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