NATURAL RESOURCES OF SRI LANKA

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I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I 10 Biological Diversity 215 Importance of Biological Diversity 216 SRI LANKA'S BIODIVERSITY 216 Wild Resources 216 Cultivated Resources 222 STATUS AND TRENDS 226 Loss of Ecosystem Diversity 226 . Loss of Genetic Diversity 227 TRENDS OF PROTECTED AREA MANAGEMENT 229 INSTITUTIONAL CONSTRAINTS AND NEEDS 232 Knowledge Base and Analytical Capability 232 Providing Economic Incentives 233 Expanding Awareness : 233 Promotion of Cross-sectoral Collaboration 233 Strengthening Protected area Management 234 Policy Shifts 234 Incorporating values into Economic Planning 234 11 Coastal And Marine Resources 237 ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL SIGNIFICANCE 238 PRESENT CONDITIONS 239 Marine Fishery Resources 242 Large Pelagics 246 Small Pelagics 245 Crustaceans . 246 Coral Reefs 248 Coastal Wetlands 249 Beaches and Dunes 252 MINERAL RESOURCES IN THE COASTAL ZONE 252 INSTITUTIONAL RESPONSES AND NEEDS 254 12 Inland Aquatic Resources 257 AQUATIC HABITATS OF SRI LANKA 257 River and Streams (Riverine) 257 Werlands (Palustrine System) 259 Floodplains Associated with Rivers 259 Floodplains Isolated from River 260 Wet Montane Grasslands 260 Swamp Forests 260 Village Tanks and Ponds . 261 Rice Paddies 261 Deepwater Habitats 261 IX
FUNCTION AND VALUES 261 | Flood Storage and Conveyance Fishery Production Wildlife Habitat 261 262 264 I Livestock and Grazing 264 Water Supply 264 • IMPACTS AND TRENDS 264 • Impoundments and Diversions 265 Sedimentation 265 M Conversion to Alternate Uses 265 Pollution 267 INSTITUTIONAL CONSTRAINTS AND RECOMMENDED RESPONSES 267 • Establish Responsibility for Management and Research 267 Set Priorities for Improved Legal Enforcement 268 Establish Incentives for Conservation 268 • Incorporate Benefits into Projects and Markets 268 Establish Public Dialogue Over Cultural Barriers 268 _ Identify and Redress Key Information Gaps 268 I 13 Toward Sustainable Development 271 I Trend is Not Destiny 271 Sustainable Development Initiatives 271 I CAUSES OF NATURAL RESOURCES USE AND MISUSE 271 * Significant Global Forces on the Environment 271 Poverty Cycle 271 I Domestic Economic Policies 272 Population Growth and Demographic Shifts 272 _ CONSTRAINTS ON SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT 272 J Land Degradation 272 Watershed Degradation 273 am Biological Resource Degradation 273 g Contamination of Ground and Surface water 274 Degradation of the urban environment 275 m POLICY RESPONSES 275 | Integrating Biological Resources into Development and Planning 275 Correcting Institutional Constraints 276 Efficient Environmental Management Cooperation 277 Private Responsibilities and Incentives 277 Improving Information Gathering, Analysis, and Use 278 • Integrating Environmental Impacts 279 m VISION OF THE FUTURE 279 I I I I I I I
Page 1 and 2: 1 I I Hi- I I .1 Ii I Ii i I l I Il
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Page 7 and 8: VI Supply and Processing 77 Sources
Page 9: VIII 8 Mineral Resources 181 GEMSTO
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I I I I I I I I I I I j • I I I I
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I I I I I I I I I i ; I I i I i •
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I I I i ! ' 1 I i It I I I I I I I
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I I I I I I I I \ I t I ! I I I I 4
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I I I I I II : I I service ratio in
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I I I Economics 57 The Price Of Pol
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I I I I I 100 80 60 40 20 1972 1975
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120 100 80- 60 40- 20 Percentage Ec
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300 250 200- 150 100 so 0 111 280 2
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I I I I I I I I I I I r ; I I I i I
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I I I I I I II I I Ii 1 I ii I I I
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1 i i i i 1 Economies 5g
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I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I 1 •
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I I I ; ! ; I I I I I I I If : I I
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I I I I I I I I I !; • i I I I I
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I I I I I I I I I i ; ï I I I I l
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I I I I I I I I I I n I I I I I I I
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I I I I I I I I I I 1 I I I I r Ene
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I I I I I I I I I I I I I I |I 1 I
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I I I I I I I I I i É I 1 I Energy
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I I I I I I 1 I p 1 I I Paddy husk
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I I I I I I I I I I j 1 i I 1 I I I
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I I I I I I I I I I I I p II I ! I
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Total suspended particular (TSP) Ni
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I I I I I I I I i I I I I I I I Kar
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I I I I I I I I j I i ! I I s I 1
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I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I pi' U
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I I I I i : I I I I I I I I I I I I
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I i I M f. P Il j IM I ( •• r L
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Land Districts* 3 lowest yielding d
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I I I I I I I I I I I I I I Ii I I
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.,_~ Soil Group Reddish Brown Earth
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I suitability of the lands for majo
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Land FOREST GARDENS As Sri Lanka's
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I I I I I I I I I I I j I j I I I I
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I I I I Î I '. I I I II I Und 117
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I i : ! ; I I j ! ; • r i \ . ! I
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I I I I I I I! P I I I I I I I I YE
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I I I I I I I I I I j I I; I I I I
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I I I Ii ': I I ! I i . I I 1 I 1 I
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I I !I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I
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I I I I I I I I I I gradual emergen
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not be affected seriously during th
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References Abeysekera, W.A.T. (1986
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I I I II I I I [ ! I i i i r I I La
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7 Water Resources Historians studyi
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Water Resources 139 River Basins of
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I I I I l' ; I P r I I I i I I I I
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Water Resources 143 Secular Changes
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I I I I I I I I Water Resources Sur
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I I I I I i I I :Ij I I I I I 1 dev
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I I I I I I I II I Supply / Demand
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I I I I Î I. Î ' I[ IIf I I" I Ii
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I I I I I i ; I ir ': I I I I I I I
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Water Resources 155
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I I I I I I I With her small cities
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I I I Water I I I I k i i i Resourc
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I I Is • I I I I i I i; p I I ! I
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I I I I I I I I [ I I rii i i i i i
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I I I i ! i i i ! ! I I 1 I I I f W
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I I I Sewage pumping ^^^H 10000 ^^^
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Ground Water Ground water is increa
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I I nI I Some Constituents of Mahaw
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Water Resources 173 Ground Water Po
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Population per ha 50 100 250 Source
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I I I I j : I I I I I I i • I P I
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I p I I i I I I I Î Î National Aq
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I I I I I I I I I I IJ I I I I I I
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I I I I I i i i • Year R«. Milli
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I I I i i i i i i \ i i i i i i i i
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I I Ï Mineral n Resources 187 The
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m o 4 2 0 Thousand MT ! I 1fLU 1979
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I I Î . j I ! I I I I I I I I I Ye
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I I n i t i iI i i i f ! I I i I ft
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I 1 I i Mineral Resources
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I 9 Forest Resources Sri Lanka was
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Forest Resources 199 The Natural Hi
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Forest Forest Ownership 3-5- as Ove
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I r ri Forest Resources 203 Mean An
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I I H I I | " I I i t : i i continu
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Forest Resources 207 Forest Plantat
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! i H P ation, however, are regular
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Forest Fuelwood - Future Trends The
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I I Forest I Curtailing the Master
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Forests Grasslands Coastal and Mari
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I I I ; I I j I I I I I I I I Biolo
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I Ii • i • I I I Ii r 1. coasta
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Kottawa Kanneliya Source: Gunatille
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Out of Danger 1* Biological Diversi
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I I Biological I 1 P 800 years ago.
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I I I I I I I I I I i I 1 I I I I I
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I I I Biological Diversity dipteroc
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II I I 6 - Extent in Sq km (Thousan
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I I I I I I I I I I i i I i I i Kot
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I I I I I I I I I P I T 11 Coastal
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I i I ! I I I Ten Fishery harbors s
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I I i ! I ! i i I > I District Colo
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I 2500 2000- 1500- Value in Million
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Chllow Lagoon Neçombo 4 2 Lagoon K
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I i ! Coastal Resources 247 Coral M
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I [ I I I i ii I I I I I is sometim
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I I I I n I I [ ; I I I I I Coastal
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I I I I I it-' [j • i •- r i i
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I I I 257 i p i i i i i I 12 Inland
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I I r I H I ! Ir I : - I r • i ;!
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I I r ! I I I I I I I I I I I I dro
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I I I I I I j f j I I i I I I I f,
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I I r -• I I ri i I I I I I i i i
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I i ( • • > ( • j . I I I 1 I
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I II 1 I I I I I I sustainable use
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I ÏÏ n n Toward Sustainable Devel
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I I are already in use, paddy yield
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n the Puttalam aquaculture industry
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government agencies, including thos
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exists in the preparation of studie
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'V • (• • • Sponsored by th
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NATURAL RESOURCES OF SRI LANKA

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