NATURAL RESOURCES OF SRI LANKA

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I I I I I I I 1 I I I I ! I I I I I I I I I Those constructed between 1971 and 1975 amounted to 10.5 percent of the total stock. The growth rate accelerated to 3.9 in 1976, declined to 3.4 percent by 1977, then increased to 4.2 percent in 1978 and 5.3 percent by 1980. Occupancy and Overcrowding Sharing of housing units had declined by 1981 in numerical magnitude and as a percentage. The Census of 1981 disclosed that over 90 percent of the housing units in each sector were occupied by single households. Only 4.8 percent of the housing units were shared by more than one household in 1981, compared to 7.6 percent in 1971. Type of Lighting The Census of 1981 found that 82 percent of all housing units depended on kerosene lamp lighting (Figure 3.19). Electric lighting increased from 9 percent in 1971 to 14.9 percent in 1981. Housing units using electricity in the urban sector increased from approximately 33 percent to over 45 percent. In the rural sector, only 8.3 percent of the houses received electricity, but the number of rural housing units using electric lighting rose substantially, from 44,000 to 172,000. In the estate sector, however, the number of housing units using electricity was only 5.6 percent. Rural electrification programs undertaken during the past years may have raised these proportions, but the backlog of units not yet provided with electricity remains substantial in the rural and estate sectors. Main Sources of Drinking Water Housing units with access to piped water increased from 0.444 million in 1971 to 0.497 million in 1981, but the proportion with piped water declined from 20 percent to 17.5 percent (Figure 3.20). Housing units dependent on wells for drinking water increased from 63.8 percent to 72.9 percent. Thus wells remain the main source of drinking water for nearly three-fourths of the country's population, and the proportion dependent on rivers, tanks, and other surface sources has remained around 7 percent. By 1981 nearly all urban housing POPULATION PR<strong>OF</strong>ILE 35 units had access to piped water. The share of estate sector housing units with this facility has been traditionally high at about two-thirds. An insignificant proportion (about 5 percent) of the rural housing units are served with piped water, and about 85 percent depend on well water. Although wells are still Sri Lanka's principal source of drinking water, as many as 20 percent of wells are unprotected and allow inflow of polluted water. Dispersal of housing units in village areas, absence of potable ground water for drinking, and the cost of providing pipe borne water will remain important development issues, especially because approximately 800,000 additional housing units must be supplied between 1990 and the end of the century. The magnitude of this backlog of housing units requiring safe drinking water is evident from Figure 3.21, which provides data" on the main source of drinking water by district. In 14 out of the 25 districts (Kalutara, Matale, Galle, Matara, Hambantota, Mullaitivu, Ampara, Kurunegala, Anuradhapura, Polonnaruwa, Badulla, Moneragala, Ratnapura and Kegalle) more than one-third of the population do not have access to safe drinking water and are using unprotected wells, rivers and tanks. In rural areas the shallow wells used for drinking water are frequently holes dug in the ground that run dry during the dry season and receive polluted water during the rainy season. Toilet Facilities Poor sewerage facilities for housing lead to contamination of water sources and the spread of disease. The 1981 Census data disclosed that one out of every three houses lacked sanitary toilet facilities, down from 35.5 percent in 1971. In the urban sector during this period, the proportion not served by sanitary toilet facilities remained unchanged at approximately 20 percent. The rural sector made some gains; the proportion declined from 42J percent to 36.5 percent, but in the estate sector the position deteriorated. Part of the overall decline may have been due to a change in the definition used in the 1981 Census, which categorized a unit using a toilet of another housing unit as one lacking a toilet.
36 MuO 16.5 Brick ar CaDook 52.3 Cement Blocks 63 Brick or CaDook 15.9 Tile 37.6 POPUUTION PRORLE Urban-Walls Rural - Walls Wood 9.4 Othar 0.7 Cement Blocks 18 Palmyrah. Cadjan 5.1 Brick or CaOook 27.6 Mud 53 Estate - Walls Urban - Roof Rural - Roof Otner 2 Mud 18.6 Cadian, Straw 48.6 Metal Sheets 7.7 Palmyrah. Cadjan 0.5 Asbestos sneets 4.1 Rgure 3.17 Tlie 48.2 Asbestos sheets 16.2 Metal Sheets 71.5 Estate - Roof , Cement Blocks 11.9 Other 0.6 Palmyrah. Cadian 5.6 Wood 1.3 Metal Sheets 12.9 Other 1 Cadian. Straw 21.8 ASDBSIOS sneets 13.1 Tiia 12 Otner 0.6 ' Caajan. Straw 2.86 i i i
Page 1 and 2: 1 I I Hi- I I .1 Ii I Ii i I l I Il
Page 3 and 4: Sponsored by the United States Agen
Page 5 and 6: « . I I I Contents I I Research Te
Page 7 and 8: VI Supply and Processing 77 Sources
Page 9 and 10: VIII 8 Mineral Resources 181 GEMSTO
Page 11 and 12: FUNCTION AND VALUES 261 | Flood Sto
Page 14 and 15: I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I II ,
Page 16 and 17: I I I I 1 I I I I I I I I I I I I I
Page 18 and 19: I I I I I I I I I p I i : I I I I I
Page 20 and 21: I I I I I I I I I n 1 • i I I I I
Page 22 and 23: Introduction
Page 24 and 25: I I I I i i i [ ; ! i I i i i I i i
Page 26 and 27: I I I I I I I I I I i [ • i I I I
Page 28 and 29: I I I Heritage 15 HSSA WEWA (JAYA W
Page 30 and 31: I I I I I I I II I half of the nine
Page 32 and 33: I I I I Heritage ig
Page 34 and 35: 3 Population Profile Population Gro
Page 36 and 37: I I j I I I ; ; 1 I I ( I I I I I I
Page 38 and 39: I I I I I I I I I I I i I I I I I I
Page 40 and 41: I I I I I I I I I II • Ï I I I I
Page 42 and 43: I I I I I I I II I I 1 I I I I I I
Page 44 and 45: I I I Ii • I I I 1 j I I I I I I
Page 46 and 47: I I I I I I I I I j I I j • I I I
Page 50 and 51: I I I I I I I I I I: i i i i i t i
Page 52 and 53: I I I I I I I 1 I Î I I I I I I I
Page 54 and 55: I I i i i i i i i i I i i i i i i i
Page 56 and 57: I I I I I I I i i 11 Water Supply a
Page 58 and 59: I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I
Page 60 and 61: I I I I I I I I I I I j • I I I I
Page 62 and 63: I I I I I I I I I i ; I I i I i •
Page 64 and 65: I I I i ! ' 1 I i It I I I I I I I
Page 66 and 67: I I I I I I I I \ I t I ! I I I I 4
Page 68 and 69: I I I I I II : I I service ratio in
Page 70 and 71: I I I Economics 57 The Price Of Pol
Page 72 and 73: I I I I I 100 80 60 40 20 1972 1975
Page 74 and 75: 120 100 80- 60 40- 20 Percentage Ec
Page 76 and 77: 300 250 200- 150 100 so 0 111 280 2
Page 78 and 79: I I I I I I I I I I I r ; I I I i I
Page 80 and 81: I I I I I I II I I Ii 1 I ii I I I
Page 82 and 83: 1 i i i i 1 Economies 5g
Page 84 and 85: I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I 1 •
Page 86 and 87: I I I ; ! ; I I I I I I I If : I I
Page 88 and 89: I I I I I I I I I !; • i I I I I
Page 90 and 91: I I I I I I I I I i ; ï I I I I l
Page 92 and 93: I I I I I I I I I I n I I I I I I I
Page 94 and 95: I I I I I I I I I I 1 I I I I r Ene
Page 96 and 97: I I I I I I I I I I I I I I |I 1 I
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I I I I I I I I I i É I 1 I Energy
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I I I I I I 1 I p 1 I I Paddy husk
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I I I I I I I I I I j 1 i I 1 I I I
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I I I I I I I I I I I I p II I ! I
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Total suspended particular (TSP) Ni
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I I I I I I I I i I I I I I I I Kar
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I I I I I I I I j I i ! I I s I 1
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I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I pi' U
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I I I I i : I I I I I I I I I I I I
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I i I M f. P Il j IM I ( •• r L
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Land Districts* 3 lowest yielding d
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I I I I I I I I I I I I I I Ii I I
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.,_~ Soil Group Reddish Brown Earth
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I suitability of the lands for majo
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Land FOREST GARDENS As Sri Lanka's
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I I I I I I I I I I I j I j I I I I
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I I I I Î I '. I I I II I Und 117
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I i : ! ; I I j ! ; • r i \ . ! I
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I I I I I I I! P I I I I I I I I YE
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I I I I I I I I I I j I I; I I I I
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I I I Ii ': I I ! I i . I I 1 I 1 I
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I I !I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I
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I I I I I I I I I I gradual emergen
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not be affected seriously during th
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References Abeysekera, W.A.T. (1986
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I I I II I I I [ ! I i i i r I I La
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7 Water Resources Historians studyi
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Water Resources 139 River Basins of
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I I I I l' ; I P r I I I i I I I I
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Water Resources 143 Secular Changes
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I I I I I I I I Water Resources Sur
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I I I I I i I I :Ij I I I I I 1 dev
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I I I I I I I II I Supply / Demand
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I I I I Î I. Î ' I[ IIf I I" I Ii
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I I I I I i ; I ir ': I I I I I I I
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Water Resources 155
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I I I I I I I With her small cities
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I I I Water I I I I k i i i Resourc
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I I Is • I I I I i I i; p I I ! I
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I I I I I I I I [ I I rii i i i i i
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I I I i ! i i i ! ! I I 1 I I I f W
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I I I Sewage pumping ^^^H 10000 ^^^
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Ground Water Ground water is increa
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I I nI I Some Constituents of Mahaw
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Water Resources 173 Ground Water Po
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Population per ha 50 100 250 Source
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I I I I j : I I I I I I i • I P I
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I p I I i I I I I Î Î National Aq
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I I I I I I I I I I IJ I I I I I I
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I I I I I i i i • Year R«. Milli
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I I I i i i i i i \ i i i i i i i i
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I I Ï Mineral n Resources 187 The
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m o 4 2 0 Thousand MT ! I 1fLU 1979
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I I Î . j I ! I I I I I I I I I Ye
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I I n i t i iI i i i f ! I I i I ft
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I 1 I i Mineral Resources
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I 9 Forest Resources Sri Lanka was
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Forest Resources 199 The Natural Hi
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Forest Forest Ownership 3-5- as Ove
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I r ri Forest Resources 203 Mean An
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I I H I I | " I I i t : i i continu
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Forest Resources 207 Forest Plantat
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! i H P ation, however, are regular
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Forest Fuelwood - Future Trends The
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I I Forest I Curtailing the Master
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I I I p I i I ! : i ! ' I : I • i
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Forests Grasslands Coastal and Mari
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I I I ; I I j I I I I I I I I Biolo
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I Ii • i • I I I Ii r 1. coasta
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Kottawa Kanneliya Source: Gunatille
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Out of Danger 1* Biological Diversi
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I I Biological I 1 P 800 years ago.
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I I I I I I I I I I i I 1 I I I I I
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I I I Biological Diversity dipteroc
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II I I 6 - Extent in Sq km (Thousan
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I I I I I I I I I I i i I i I i Kot
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I I I I I I I I I P I T 11 Coastal
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I i I ! I I I Ten Fishery harbors s
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I I i ! I ! i i I > I District Colo
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I 2500 2000- 1500- Value in Million
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Chllow Lagoon Neçombo 4 2 Lagoon K
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I i ! Coastal Resources 247 Coral M
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I I I I I I I I I j I I I I I I( I
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I [ I I I i ii I I I I I is sometim
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I I I I n I I [ ; I I I I I Coastal
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I I I I I it-' [j • i •- r i i
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I I I 257 i p i i i i i I 12 Inland
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I I r I H I ! Ir I : - I r • i ;!
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I I r ! I I I I I I I I I I I I dro
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I I I I I I j f j I I i I I I I f,
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I I r -• I I ri i I I I I I i i i
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I i ( • • > ( • j . I I I 1 I
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I II 1 I I I I I I sustainable use
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I ÏÏ n n Toward Sustainable Devel
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I I are already in use, paddy yield
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n the Puttalam aquaculture industry
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government agencies, including thos
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exists in the preparation of studie
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'V • (• • • Sponsored by th
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NATURAL RESOURCES OF SRI LANKA

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