NATURAL RESOURCES OF SRI LANKA

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I I I I I I I II I half of the nineteenth century. The land policy pursued by the British was based on the concept of "crown land," which led to the enactment of legislation to bring vast extents of land directly under colonial administration. The Crown Lands Encroachments Ordinance of 1840 proclaimed that "all forest, waste, unoccupied or uncultivated land shall be presumed to be the property of the crown until the contrary thereof be proved." Thus over 90 percent of the country fell under direct control of the colonial government, which eventually paved the way for large-scale enterprises of plantation agriculture. The adverse social impacts of colonial land policy, particularly on the villages of the hill country, are better documented than their ecological consequences. The large majority of the peasantry that owned land through various forms of inheritance were unable to produce documentary proof of their ownership rights. Further, no proof of ownership was possible for the common land used for c/te/ta cultivation. The colonial government took all these lands, the majority of which were under some forest cover, and sold them cheaply to private parties. The hill country, still clothed in thick montane rain forests, became almost totally denuded within less than a half a century. Over four thousand elephants may have been killed in the process. Equally devastating impacts on landscape ecology followed the process of deforestation. Soil erosion, landslides and siltation of stream and reservoir beds became rampant and significantly altered the surface hydrology. Serious land degradation became so obvious that the colonial government reacted by devis- References Abeywickrema, B.A. (1990). Integrated conservation for human survival - International symposium on Ecology and Landscape Management in Sri Lanka, Colombo. Brohier, R.L. (1934-35). Ancient irrigation works in Ceylon parts I, II and HI. Government Press, Ceylon. Crown Lands Ordiance (1947). No. 8 of 1947 and amendments. Government Press, Colombo. Encroachment upon crown lands ordinance (1840). Government Press, Colomba Heritage 17 ing means to preserve the area above 1,500 meters. The birth of the forest department was associated initially with the need for soil conservation in the highlands. Similarly wildlife protection began with concern for preserving game reserves. Crown ownership nevertheless facilitated preservation of natural forest cover, which accounted for some 45 percent of Sri Lanka by the time of National Independence. Plantation agriculture also developed soil conservation technologies such as contour drains and stone terracing, which proved efficient in many well-maintained estates. Despite these attempts, however, soil erosion remained a recurrent public concern in the last years of the colonial rule. The colonial heritage provided Sri Lanka with a wide variety of legislation that facilitated conservation of natural resources through land orders and regulations. The Crown Land Ordinance of 1947, one such example, provided for the protection of coastal resources, stream banks and the beds of reservoirs. To a large degree the Soil Conservation Act of 1951, though passed after Independence, is a similar legacy of colonial times. The Kothmale landslides of 1947 which destroyed much life and property, requiring resettlement of many families, stimulated public concern, a comprehensive study (Gorrie, 1949), and eventually enactment of the Soil Conservation Act of 1951. Its failure as a regulatory tool suggests the need for a reappraisal of effective techniques -- perhaps based on village community behavior and incentives more soundly linked to Sri Lanka's traditional concern for a sustainable and productive environment. Farmer, B.H. (1957). Pioneer peasant colonization in Ceylon. A study in Asian agrarian problems. Oxford University Press, London. Gorrie, Maclagen (19S4). Kotmale landslides and adjoining catchments. Sessional paper No. XVII of 1954. Government Press. Leach. E.R. (19S9). Hydraulic society of Ceylon, past and present. Vol. 15, pp. 2-26. Madduma Bandara, CM. (1985). Catchment ecosystems and village tank cascades in the Dry Zone of Sri Lanka - in
18 Heritage Needham, J. (1971). Gvil engineering and nautics - science and civilization in China. CambridgeUniversity Press. Paranavithana, S. (1960). The withdrawal of Sinhalese from the ancient capitals. History of Ceylon, Vol. I. University of Ceylon, Peradeniya. Perera, N.P. (197S). The human influence on the natural vegetation of Sri Lanka highlands. Vidyodaya Journal of Arts, Science and Literature, Vol. V. Roberts, M. (1971). The ruin of ancient Ceylon and drift to the southwest: The Ceylon Journal of Humanities, Vol II, No. 1. Toynbee, Arnold J. (193S). A study of history. London. Witfogel, ICA. (1957). Oriental Despotism; a comparative study of total power. Yale University Press, New Haven.
Page 1 and 2: 1 I I Hi- I I .1 Ii I Ii i I l I Il
Page 3 and 4: Sponsored by the United States Agen
Page 5 and 6: « . I I I Contents I I Research Te
Page 7 and 8: VI Supply and Processing 77 Sources
Page 9 and 10: VIII 8 Mineral Resources 181 GEMSTO
Page 11 and 12: FUNCTION AND VALUES 261 | Flood Sto
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Page 22 and 23: Introduction
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Page 26 and 27: I I I I I I I I I I i [ • i I I I
Page 28 and 29: I I I Heritage 15 HSSA WEWA (JAYA W
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Page 34 and 35: 3 Population Profile Population Gro
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Page 56 and 57: I I I I I I I i i 11 Water Supply a
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I I I I I I II I I Ii 1 I ii I I I
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1 i i i i 1 Economies 5g
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I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I 1 •
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I I I ; ! ; I I I I I I I If : I I
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I I I I I I I I I !; • i I I I I
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I I I I I I I I I i ; ï I I I I l
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I I I I I I I I I I n I I I I I I I
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I I I I I I I I I I 1 I I I I r Ene
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I I I I I I I I I I I I I I |I 1 I
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I I I I I I I I I i É I 1 I Energy
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I I I I I I 1 I p 1 I I Paddy husk
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I I I I I I I I I I j 1 i I 1 I I I
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I I I I I I I I I I I I p II I ! I
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Total suspended particular (TSP) Ni
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I I I I I I I I i I I I I I I I Kar
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I I I I I I I I j I i ! I I s I 1
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I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I pi' U
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I I I I i : I I I I I I I I I I I I
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I i I M f. P Il j IM I ( •• r L
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Land Districts* 3 lowest yielding d
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I I I I I I I I I I I I I I Ii I I
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.,_~ Soil Group Reddish Brown Earth
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I suitability of the lands for majo
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Land FOREST GARDENS As Sri Lanka's
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I I I I I I I I I I I j I j I I I I
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I I I I Î I '. I I I II I Und 117
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I i : ! ; I I j ! ; • r i \ . ! I
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I I I I I I I! P I I I I I I I I YE
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I I I I I I I I I I j I I; I I I I
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I I I Ii ': I I ! I i . I I 1 I 1 I
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I I !I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I
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I I I I I I I I I I gradual emergen
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not be affected seriously during th
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References Abeysekera, W.A.T. (1986
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I I I II I I I [ ! I i i i r I I La
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7 Water Resources Historians studyi
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Water Resources 139 River Basins of
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I I I I l' ; I P r I I I i I I I I
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Water Resources 143 Secular Changes
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I I I I I I I I Water Resources Sur
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I I I I I i I I :Ij I I I I I 1 dev
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I I I I I I I II I Supply / Demand
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I I I I Î I. Î ' I[ IIf I I" I Ii
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I I I I I i ; I ir ': I I I I I I I
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Water Resources 155
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I I I I I I I With her small cities
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I I I Water I I I I k i i i Resourc
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I I Is • I I I I i I i; p I I ! I
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I I I I I I I I [ I I rii i i i i i
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I I I i ! i i i ! ! I I 1 I I I f W
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I I I Sewage pumping ^^^H 10000 ^^^
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Ground Water Ground water is increa
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I I nI I Some Constituents of Mahaw
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Water Resources 173 Ground Water Po
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Population per ha 50 100 250 Source
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I I I I j : I I I I I I i • I P I
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I p I I i I I I I Î Î National Aq
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I I I I I I I I I I IJ I I I I I I
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I I I I I i i i • Year R«. Milli
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I I I i i i i i i \ i i i i i i i i
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I I Ï Mineral n Resources 187 The
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m o 4 2 0 Thousand MT ! I 1fLU 1979
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I I Î . j I ! I I I I I I I I I Ye
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I I n i t i iI i i i f ! I I i I ft
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I 1 I i Mineral Resources
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I 9 Forest Resources Sri Lanka was
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Forest Resources 199 The Natural Hi
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Forest Forest Ownership 3-5- as Ove
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I r ri Forest Resources 203 Mean An
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I I H I I | " I I i t : i i continu
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Forest Resources 207 Forest Plantat
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! i H P ation, however, are regular
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Forest Fuelwood - Future Trends The
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I I Forest I Curtailing the Master
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I I I p I i I ! : i ! ' I : I • i
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Forests Grasslands Coastal and Mari
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I I I ; I I j I I I I I I I I Biolo
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I Ii • i • I I I Ii r 1. coasta
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Kottawa Kanneliya Source: Gunatille
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Out of Danger 1* Biological Diversi
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I I Biological I 1 P 800 years ago.
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I I I I I I I I I I i I 1 I I I I I
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I I I Biological Diversity dipteroc
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II I I 6 - Extent in Sq km (Thousan
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I I I I I I I I I I i i I i I i Kot
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I I I I I I I I I P I T 11 Coastal
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I i I ! I I I Ten Fishery harbors s
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I I i ! I ! i i I > I District Colo
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I 2500 2000- 1500- Value in Million
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Chllow Lagoon Neçombo 4 2 Lagoon K
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I i ! Coastal Resources 247 Coral M
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I I I I I I I I I j I I I I I I( I
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I [ I I I i ii I I I I I is sometim
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I I I I n I I [ ; I I I I I Coastal
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I I I I I it-' [j • i •- r i i
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I I I 257 i p i i i i i I 12 Inland
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I I r I H I ! Ir I : - I r • i ;!
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I I r ! I I I I I I I I I I I I dro
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I I I I I I j f j I I i I I I I f,
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I I r -• I I ri i I I I I I i i i
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I i ( • • > ( • j . I I I 1 I
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I II 1 I I I I I I sustainable use
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I ÏÏ n n Toward Sustainable Devel
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I I are already in use, paddy yield
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n the Puttalam aquaculture industry
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government agencies, including thos
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exists in the preparation of studie
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'V • (• • • Sponsored by th
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NATURAL RESOURCES OF SRI LANKA

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