weekly timetables based on requests and available capacities such as rooms, teachers, equipment, and so on). Therefore, a desirable synergy effect is expected when incorporating the planning capabilities of the dynamic syllabus tool of the DLNRS into the storyboards. Including meta-knowledge is another focus to infer learning needs, learning desires, preferences, and talents. This meta-knowledge is useful for maintaining the university’s educational resources by predicting, to a certain extent, upcoming students’ learning needs. This is desirable not only for need-oriented and effective planning at universities, but also for suggesting content, such as class schedules represented by storyboards according to the students’ desires. As well, individual learning plans should not be based solely upon individual quantitative capability (such as GPA) or upon the success of former students who went similar ways. But also individual properties, talents, and preferences should be considered. For example, some students demonstrate talent for analytical challenges, some are more successful in creative and compositional tasks, and others may have an extraordinary talent for memorizing a lot of factual knowledge. Consequently, at some point we need to include some sort of user profile to avoid overwhelming the students with suggestions that don’t match their individual preferences and talents. Acknowledgements The authors gratefully acknowledge the contributions of Professor Klaus P. Jantke at the University of Ilmenau in Germany for his storyboarding approach. References Boeck, R. (2007). Ein Data Mining Verfahren zur Pfadbewertung in Storyboards [English: A data mining approach for path evaluation in storyboards], Diploma thesis, Germany: Ilmenau University of <strong>Technology</strong>, Faculty of Computer Science and Automation. Bransford, J. D., Brown, A. L., & Cocking, R. R. (2000). How people learn: Brain, mind, experience, and school, Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press. Chang, W.C., Lin, H.W., Shih, T. K., & Yang, H.C. (2005). SCORM learning sequence modeling with Petri nets in cooperative learning. Learning <strong>Technology</strong>, 7 (1), 28–33. Damasio, A. (1999). The feeling of what happens: Body and emotion in the making of consciousness, Orlando, FL: Harcourt. Davis, B., Sumara, D., & Luce-Kapler, R. (2000). Engaging minds: Learning and teaching in a complex world, Philadelphia, PA: Lawrence Erlbaum. Dohi, S., & Nakamura, S. (2003). The development of the dynamic syllabus for school of information environment. In Benkiran, A. (Eds.), Proceedings of 4th International Conference on Information <strong>Technology</strong> Based Higher Education and Training (pp.505–510), Calgary, AB: ACTA Press. Dohi, S., Nakamura, S., Sakurai, Y., Tsuruta, S., & Knauf, R. (2006a). Dynamic learning need reflection system for academic education and its applicability to intelligent agents. In Kinshuk, Koper, R., Kommers, P., Kirschner, P., Sampson, D. G., & Didderen, W. (Eds.) Proceedings of the 6th IEEE International Conference on Advanced Learning Technologies, (pp.459–463), Los Alamitos, CA: IEEE Computer <strong>Society</strong>. Dohi, S., Sakurai, Y., Tsuruta, S., & Knauf, R. (2006b). Managing academic education through dynamic storyboarding. In Reeves, T. & Yamashita, S. (Eds.), Proceedings of World Conference on e-Learning in Corporate, Government, Healthcare, and Higher Education 2006 (pp.1611–1619), Chesapeake, VA: AACE. Duesel, H. (2007). Konzeption und Realisierung von Methoden der formalen Verifikation von Storyboards [English: Conceptual design of methods for formal storyboard verification], Diploma Thesis, Germany: Ilmenau University of <strong>Technology</strong>, Faculty of Economic Sciences. 331
Feyer, T., Kao, O., Schewe, K.-D., & Thalheim, B. (2000). Design of data-intensive web-based information services. In Li, Q., Ozsuyoglu, Z. M., Wagner, R., Kambayashi, Y., & Zhang, Y. (Eds.), Proceedings of the 1 st International Conference on Web Information Systems Engineering (pp.462–467), Los Alamitos, CA: IEEE Computer <strong>Society</strong>. Feyer, T., Schewe, K.-D., & Thalheim, B. (1998). Conceptual modeling and development of information services. In Ling, T. & Ram, S. (Eds.), Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 1507, 7–20. Feyer, T., & Thalheim, B. (1999). E/R based scenario modeling for rapid prototyping of web information services. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 1727, 253–263. Flechsig, K.-H. (1996). Kleines Handbuch didaktischer Modelle (German) [English: Little handbook of didactic models], Eichenzell: Neuland. Forsha, H. I. (1994). Show me: The complete guide to storyboarding and problem solving, Milwaukee, Wisconsin: American <strong>Society</strong> for Quality Press. Gagne, L. J., Briggs, R. M., & Wager, W. W. (1992). Principles of instructional design (4 th Ed.), Belmont CA: Wedsworth/Thomson Learning. IMS Global Learning Consortium (2003). IMS Learning Design Version 1.0 Final Specification, Retrieved February 1, 2009, from http://www.imsglobal.org/learningdesign/. Jank, W., & Meyer, H. (2002). Didaktische Modelle (German) [English: Didactic Model], Berlin: Cornelsen Scriptor. Jantke, K. P., & Knauf, R. (2005). Didactic design though storyboarding: Standard concepts for standard tools. In Hvorecky, J., Jantke, K. P., & Nejdl, W. (Eds.), Proceedings of the 4 th international symposium on Information and communication technologies (pp.20–25), Dublin, Ireland: Trinity College. Jantke, K. P., Knauf, R., & Gonzalez, A. J. (2006). Storyboarding for playful learning. In Reeves, T. & Yamashita, S. (Eds.), Proceedings of World Conference on e-Learning in Corporate, Government, Healthcare, and Higher Education 2006 (pp.3174–3182). Chesapeake, VA: AACE. Kaschek, R., Matthews, C., Schewe, K.-D., & Wallace, C. (2003a). Analyzing web information systems with the Abstraction Layer Model and SiteLang. In Lethbridge, N. (Ed.), Proceedings of the 14th Australasian Conference on Information Systems, Perth, WA, Australia: Edith Cowan University. Kaschek, R., Schewe, K.-D., Thalheim, B., & Zhang, L. (2003b). Integrating context in conceptual modeling for web information systems. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 3095, 77-88. Knauf, R., & Jantke, K. P. (2006). Storyboarding: An AI technology to represent, process, evaluate, and refine didactic knowledge. In Jantke, K. P. & Kreuzberger, G. (Eds.), Proceedings of the First Core-to-Core Workshop (pp.170-179), Dagstuhl Castle, Germany: TU Ilmenau. Knauf, R., Sakurai, Y., & Tsuruta, S. (2007). Toward making didactics a subject of knowledge engineering. In Spector, J. M., Sampson, D. G., Okamoto, T., Kinshuk, Cerri, S. A., Ueno, M., Kashihara, A. (Eds.), Proceedings of the 7 th IEEE International Conference on Advanced Learning Technologies, (pp.788-792), Los Alamitos, CA: IEEE Computer <strong>Society</strong>. Hermans, H. J. H., Koper, E. J. R., Loeffen, A., Manderveld, J. M., & Rusman, M. (2000). Reference Manual for Edubox-EML/XML binding 1.0/1.0 (Beta version), Heerlen: Open University of the Netherlands, Retrieved March 15, 2009, from http://dspace.ou.nl/bitstream/1820/81/5/EML1.0-ReferenceManual.pdf. Lin, J., Ho, C., Orlowska, M. E., & Sadiq, W. (2002). Using workflow technology to manage flexible e-learning services. <strong>Educational</strong> <strong>Technology</strong> and <strong>Society</strong>, 5 (4), 1–10. Meissner, H. (2003). Ein multimediales Lehr- und Lernsystem über die Erstellung von Drehbüchern für multimediale Lehr- und Lernsysteme (German) [English: A multimedia teaching and learning over the building by scenarios per multimedia teaching and learning], In Hambach, S., Urban, B. (Eds.), Proceedings of 4. IuK-Tage Mecklenburg- Vorpommern (pp.18–20), Stuttgart: IRB. Rothwell, W. J., & Kazanas, H. C. (2004). Mastering the Instructional Design Process: A Systematic Approach (3 rd Ed.), San Francisco, CA: Pfeiffer. 332
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April 2009 Volume 12 Number 2
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Abstracting and Indexing Educationa
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Engaging students in multimedia-med
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this study discusses computer-based
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Sampling for preliminary study One
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Part 2 Pearson correlation .349** 1
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Figure 1. Box and whisker plot of t
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characteristics and learning styles
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However, critical reflection and in
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novels, so they collected any relat
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1. Theories of teaching: Comments m
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grammatical errors and basic writin
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Ho, B., & Richards, J. C. (1993). R
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Hwang, K.-A., & Yang, C.-H. (2009).
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e deduced from the Affective Domain
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Detection procedure Figure 1 shows
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avoided. Image processing is perfor
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falling asleep) as defined in this
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classmates or left their seats duri
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help teachers to recognize the lear
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Hsieh, P.-H., & Dwyer, F. (2009). T
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significant comprehension effects o
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Treatment 3 (keyword group): Studen
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Criteria of achievement measures Th
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esults. A correlational analysis de
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A 2 x 1 ANOVA analyzed the effect o
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References Aragon, S. R. (2004). In
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Raphael, T. (1982). Improving quest
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educing maintenance costs. The cont
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Synchronization functions According
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inconsistency) and navigate directl
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the suitability of the instructiona
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Design of manipulation process The
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Table 1: Comparative analysis of au
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the convenience of mobile-based ass
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According to evaluation result, the
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Tan, O. S., Parsons, R. D., Hinson,
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At a deeper level, though, there wa
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theoretical assumptions. Two theore
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The students were not going to have
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slightly different. The group who c
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every item, not giving any result.
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edited and presented to the class u
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Figure 10. Screen captures from the
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Some of the concerns that emerge fr
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Ajayi, L. (2009). An Exploration of
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As a result of the confluence of di
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peers (Schellens et al. 2005). Sche
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The integration of discussion board
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ecause the technology allowed the p
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The pre-service teachers perceived
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Furthermore, the study demonstrated
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Schellens, T., van Keer, H., & Valc
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McKean, 2003). Instructors will see
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program at The Ohio State Universit
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Knowledge and skills of developing
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their monthly reflections or assign
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Bull, K., Montgomery, D., Overton,
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frustrating the student). ITSs make
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• Link removal - advanced student
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Expert Module Expert Module’s mai
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Based on the questionnaire results
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students were told that their perfo
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thirds of the interviewed students
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Throughout the semester, students i
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human teacher or question developer
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To test the learning effectiveness
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APPENDIX A Computer Science and Sof
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Thus, the use of computers changes
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Specifically, two objectives were p
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Nonetheless, both teachers assign a
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48% 35% 53% similar similar 69% 42%
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Table 4: Students’ attitudes Stat
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activities. Specifically, the histo
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Huang, Y.-M., Huang, T.-C., Wang, K
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• Could recommended learning sequ
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Analysis of sequences prediction me
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Figure 4. The sorting of learning s
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The figures 5a and 5b illustrate th
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Learning sequence recommendation sy
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In this study, forty subjects were
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The potential for LSRS to promote l
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They pointed out that LSRS helped t
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Cover, T. M., & Thomas, J. A. (1991
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Related Efforts An Internet forum i
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with handheld devices and they were
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agent would direct learners to a le
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Mobile RSS Aggregator In order to s
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learning, such as posting question
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With novel technological support, m
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Shen, L., Wang, M., & Shen, R. (200
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as an ‘affective loop’, which r
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Figure 2 is an example of two-dimen
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preference was gathered through dat
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compute the heart rate (HR) as a fu
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sessions. Of all the 18 learning se
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Burleson, W., Picard, R. W., Perlin
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Wu, C.-C., & Lai, C.Y. (2009). Wire
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The wireless handheld learning envi
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the lengthiness of the scales, whic
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Nursing dictionary We constructed a
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them. The computers were networked
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“The major difference was that I
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questionnaire. We do not consider t
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Faruque, F., Hewlett, P. O., Wyatt,
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etween a user and the system. Addit
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Figure 2. A concept map representin
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C5.0 can help teachers to generate
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that a selected programming exercis
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differences between our system and
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1(students can complete without any
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The PADS sometimes assigned very di
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Corno, L. (2000). Looking at Homewo
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Hwang, W.-Y., Hsu, J.-L., Tretiakov
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listed these functions as allowing
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In the research presented in this a
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Research Tools Web-based learning e
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Table 1. Operational definitions of
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action, interaction, and outeractio
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for them was getting the answer as
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Table 6 shows the learners’ prefe
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Bell, P., & Winn, W. (2000). Distri
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Askar, P., & Altun, A. (2009). CogS
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elations, interactions and activiti
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Figure 3. A comparison of knowledge
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ontology will easily be extensible
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Figure 7. Visual Representation of
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Step 5: Use Boolean to combine the
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2) CogSkillNet provides classroom i
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Neo, M., & Neo, T.-K. (2009). Engag
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• Conversation and collaboration
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IMAGE 2 2. Problem identification I
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Methodology At the end of the proje
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presentation skills (m = 3.72), and
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6. Can’t be denying that, sometim
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Lambert, N. M., & McCombs, B. J. (1
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not detected in a previous study, t
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et al. (2001) studied the learning
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all the students. At the midpoint o
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The observed pairs were aware of be
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Table 2 shows the results from a mo
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Table 5: The distribution of time (
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