Developing an environmental strategy for UK film - BFI

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Figure 4: Model of the Film Industry Adapted from Cheremisinoff and Abasheyeva (1997) Environmental factors in bold RESOURCE INPUTS Natural resources & minerals such as Building materials Fossil fuels (for energy & transport) Habitats/scenery /location Land Soil Timber Water Creativity Funding People Skills Talent DYNAMICS OF THE UK FILM INDUSTRY: DEVELOPMENT PRE-PRODUCTION PRODUCTION POST PRODUCTION DISTRIBUTION EXHIBITION MERCHANDISING ARCHIVING CREATIVITY & INNOVATION OUTPUTS Accessibility Adaptability Cultural diversity Cultural identity Distribution Education Employment Films Heritage Inspiration Preservation Raised profile Societal change Technical innovation UK Visibility ECONOMIC OUTPUTS Advancement Creativity Employment Funding Income Investment Regeneration WASTE OUTPUTS Air pollutants Economic innovation Funding Greenhouse gases Hazardous chemicals Heat Invasive species Land toxins Liquid waste Materials Natural resources Noise Polluted wastewater Projects not pursued Sewage Solid waste Talent Technical innovation Cheremisinoff and Abasheyeva’s 1997 ‘Model of the City’ 4 has been adapted to further illustrate the relationship between the environment (in bold) and the film industry (Figure 4). The majority 4 Cheremisinoff, P.N and Abasheyeva, N.E. 1997. Ecological Issues and Environmental Impacts Assessment p 41 Extended Metabolism Model of Human Settlements. Publisher Butterworth-Heinemann Version 1.0 - 6 -
of the inputs are provided from the services and resources provided by the complex interactions of the natural environment (as illustrated in Figure 3). As previously introduced, human activity has affected these interactions and changed the natural environment thus affecting the ability of the environment to provide resources and services required. A degraded environment will affect the availability of these resources for the future of the film industry; this is something the film industry needs to consider. ‘Waste Outputs’ (Figure 4) also need to be addressed; resources are discarded as waste and/or inefficiency used, all of which will impact negatively on the environment. As environmental resources and services available today cease to be available they will become more costly in the near future and/or will be subject to environmental legislation, policy and taxation (Chapter 2). Therefore, it can be shown that the natural environment provides the resources for, and receives all the wastes of, the entire film industry (Figure 4). Thus, the environment directly contributes to the sustainability and prosperity of the film industry. Environmental Concerns: Climate Change The climate is changing, the earth is warming up. The otherwise natural process known as the greenhouse effect, is being altered by human activities increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere (see Appendix 1), resulting in global warming which is causing a change in the Earth’s climate ‘Climate Change’ (Figure 5). The terms climate change and global warming are often used interchangeably: ‘Climate Change refers to the variation in the Earth's global climate; ‘Global Warming’ is the increase in the average temperature of the Earth. Atmospheric concentrations of carbon dioxide are at their highest for at least 650,000 years. The current stock of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere is equivalent to around 430ppm (parts per million) of CO2, compared with only 280ppm pre-industrial revolution. During the last ice age CO2 levels were 190ppm. Human induced CO2 increase is largely due to burning fossil fuels (coal, oil, gas) for fuel and deforestation 5 . Methane (CH4) is another greenhouse gas, this has increased more than CO2 levels; pre-industrial levels were 715 parts per billion (ppb), today levels are 1074ppb. There are a number of factors for this increase such as gases from landfill sites and methane produced by cattle. Increased concentrations of greenhouse gases have already caused the world to warm by 0.74°C during the last century, leading to at least a further half degree of warming over the next few decades. If annual global emissions were to remain at today’s levels, greenhouse gases in the atmosphere would double pre-industrial levels by 2050 to ~ 550ppm; at this level, there is a high probability of a global average temperature rise exceeding 2°C. Alarmingly global emissions of greenhouse gases will accelerate from levels recorded today. Failing to take the right action now risks major disruption to economic, social and environmental systems. The most recent report from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) predicts that climate change will bring severe consequences, including increased risk of inland flash floods, more frequent coastal flooding and increased erosion (due to storminess and sea-level rise), 6 higher sea-levels, rising temperatures, extreme weather events such as heat-waves, floods and droughts. 5 http://ipcc-wg1.ucar.edu/wg1/Report/AR4WG1_Pub_SPM-v2.pdf 6 http://www.ipcc.ch/SPM13apr07.pdf Version 1.0 - 7 -
Page 1 and 2: DEVELOPING AN ENVIRONMENTAL STRATEG
Page 3 and 4: FIGURES AND TABLES Figures Figure 1
Page 5 and 6: estrictions on freedom of movement
Page 7 and 8: o Supplying environmental training
Page 9 and 10: Provision Key cost and/or requireme
Page 11 and 12: CHAPTER 1: THE ENVIRONMENT Introduc
Page 13 and 14: Environment Society - 3 - Developin
Page 15: The Environment and the Film Indust
Page 19 and 20: Figure 5: Human Activities, the Cli
Page 21 and 22: Figure 7: London-on-Sea Source: Lon
Page 23 and 24: The Economics of Climate Change The
Page 25 and 26: Renewable and non-renewable resourc
Page 27 and 28: Table 3: Selection of Products made
Page 29 and 30: The UK Government The UK Government
Page 31 and 32: internally or externally b) Dedicat
Page 33 and 34: The Climate Change Programme: The C
Page 35 and 36: • Enable powers to introduce new
Page 37 and 38: Batteries Directive: The Batteries
Page 39 and 40: The Energy White Paper is sure to i
Page 41 and 42: Figure 8: Low Emission Zone Boundar
Page 43 and 44: This is a significant increase on t
Page 45 and 46: CHAPTER 3: THE FILM INDUSTRY During
Page 47 and 48: and endorsements for the newly-form
Page 49 and 50: emissions. Environmental Best Case
Page 51 and 52: • Measured carbon footprint durin
Page 53 and 54: • Northern Media: Northern Media
Page 55 and 56: worked closely with the Scottish Bo
Page 57 and 58: • National sponsor of The Prince
Page 59 and 60: sustainable design for sport. CABE
Page 61 and 62: o Short term funding of cultural ar
Page 63 and 64: for synergies in research/work, to
Page 65 and 66: as well as long term vision. Table
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published scientific literature thr
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Industry, settlement and society th
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UK Organisation Contact Scottish Sc
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