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Spéciations: conditions, mécanismes

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<strong>Spéciations</strong>: <strong>conditions</strong>,<br />

<strong>mécanismes</strong><br />

nicolas.loeuille@gmail.com


Sur la notion d'espèce<br />

"I look at the term species as one<br />

arbitrarily given for the sake of<br />

convenience to a set of individuals<br />

closely resembling each other .... it<br />

does not essentially differ from the<br />

term variety, which is given to less<br />

distinct and more fluxtuating forms.<br />

The term variety, again in<br />

comparison with mere individual<br />

difference, is also applied<br />

arbitrarily, and for mere<br />

convenience sake."<br />

(Darwin, On the origin of species )


La notion d'espèce: le critère<br />

génétique<br />

Deux individus sont<br />

conspécifiques si ils ont le<br />

mm nb de chromosomes<br />

et sur chaque<br />

chromosome, le mm nb de<br />

nucléotides<br />

(Richard Dawkins, The<br />

blind watchmaker )


Un contre exemple: le genre Leiopelma


Les pinsons de Darwin


Des exemples de nanisme insulaire


Des exemples de gigantisme insulaire


Un exemple de spéciation péripatrique


Spéciation parapatrique


Goélands en anneaux


Les espèces anneaux


Spéciation par hybridation


Exemples de spéciations sympatriques

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