A cArbon cApture And storAge network for yorkshire And humber

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6 2.0 INTRODUCTION Removal of CO2 from flue gases in power stations or other large single point emitters and storing it underground is potentially one of the most cost effective methods of tackling climate change. The UK government is keen to develop and deploy CCS, and the study area represents the largest cluster of CO2 sources in the UK. The UK also has an abundance of underground storage possibilities in the form of depleted North Sea oil and gas fields, saline aquifers, salt caverns and disused coal mines. The Energy White Paper of 2007 [13] highlights two major challenges for the UK; tackling CO2 emissions and the maintenance of secure and affordable energy supplies. The deployment of CCS is one approach of addressing both challenges and the White Paper makes the case for CCS, particularly in conjunction with cleaner coal power generation. Coal still offers an abundance of relatively cheap, reliable energy that can be sourced from UK and, is likely to remain one of the UK’s main sources of power generation for at least the next 25 years. Carbon Capture and Storage Network The Stern Review [1] investigated the impact of climate change on the world’s economy. It highlighted that carbon capture and storage has a role in the medium term, whilst alternative energies and industrial processes are given time to develop and mature. To prevent the consequences mentioned in the Stern Review and detailed by the IPCC [6], levels of CO2 must peak in the near future with concentrations of CO2 stabilising between 440ppm and 550ppm. Figure 2.1 opposite identifies possible scenarios on global CO2 emissions. CCS has the potential to contribute up to 55% of the CO2 mitigations required to ensure that emissions peak early. Government legislation could drive this market; however, global CCS deployment necessitates a stable, global price for carbon, above the costs required for this technology, to ensure a reasonable rate of return. Applications of CCS to China and India’s coal powered plants are crucial to ensure that global emissions peak as shown in the graph. Current methods of extraction can remove around 90% of the CO2 from flue gases; however this then must be cleaned, dried and compressed for transportation via pipeline to the storage locations. This report will examine the transportation issues and solutions, producing network designs to accommodate various scenarios envisaged, finally arriving at a cost for transportation of the CO2. This study arose from discussion between Yorkshire Forward and AMEC, and engagement with the major emitters in the Yorkshire and Humber area and some operators of southern North Sea gas fields, unions, and other interested parties. A meeting of the Carbon Capture and Storage Partnership for Yorkshire and Humber led to this work, funded by Yorkshire Forward with contributions from AMEC, ConocoPhillips, Corus, Drax Power Ltd, E.ON UK, Hydrogen Energy, Power Ltd, Scottish & Southern Energy plc, and Shell. A steering group to oversee the study comprised these organisations and the TUC. The steering group was chaired by Yorkshire Forward. The work builds on a previous study done for the International Energy Authority Greenhouse Gas R&D Programme (IEA GHG) which included discussion of a potential network for the Mersey-Dee area on the west coast [14]. The model used for that study was used with kind permission of IEA GHG, with additional analysis. It differs by more economic analysis, doing stepwise development of the network through time under different growth scenarios, and multiple offshore storage constraints.
Figure 2.1 Global emission scenarios Global Emissions (GtCO2e) 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 Carbon Capture and Storage Network 7 0 2000 2020 2040 2060 2080 2100 2015 High Peak – 1.0%/yr 2020 High Peak – 2.5%/yr 2030 High Peak – 4.0%/yr 2040 High Peak – 4.5%/yr (overshoot) 2020 Low Peak – 1.5%/yr 2030 Low Peak – 2.5%/yr 2040 Low Peak – 3.0%/yr
Page 1 and 2: 1 YORKSHIRE FORWARD A cArbon cAptur
Page 3 and 4: 8.0 Deployment scenarios 30 8.1 Dev
Page 5: This study presents a cost, as oppo
Page 9 and 10: Table 3.1 Definition of Tier emitte
Page 11 and 12: 3.4 STUDY pERIOD This report consid
Page 13 and 14: Figure 4.1 Carbon capture systems p
Page 15 and 16: Figure 5.1 Carbon dioxide phase dia
Page 17 and 18: Figure 5.3 Variation in critical pa
Page 19 and 20: 5.11 SAFETY IMpACTS Any specificati
Page 21 and 22: 6.2.5 Metering As the impetus for b
Page 23 and 24: 6.5 SELECTION OF EXpORT TERMINAL LO
Page 25 and 26: 7.5 INJECTION pRESSURE A pipeline p
Page 27 and 28: Table 7.1 Potential storage sites -
Page 29 and 30: Table 7.3 Summary of core routes Ro
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Page 35 and 36: 9.4 DISCOUNT RATE The decision to u
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Page 39 and 40: Table 9.3 Cumulative average cost
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Page 45 and 46: Pre-Combustion Capture A system for
Page 47 and 48: APPENDICES Appendix A Regional map
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Appendix B Study ID No. NAp ID Oper
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CONtACt US If you want more informa
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A cArbon cApture And storAge network for yorkshire And humber

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